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Ersanli C, Tzora A, Skoufos I, Fotou K, Maloupa E, Grigoriadou K, Voidarou C(C, Zeugolis DI. The Assessment of Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Essential Oils against Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020384. [PMID: 36830295 PMCID: PMC9952819 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in antimicrobial resistance and tolerance over the years has become a serious public health problem, leading to the inevitable development of alternative antimicrobial agents as substitutes for industrial pharmaceutical antibiotics targeting humans and animals under the concept of one health. Essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic and pharmaceutical plants incorporate several bioactive compounds (phytochemicals) that positively affect human and animal health. Herein, this work aimed to examine a standardized chemical composition and screen the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of Thymus sibthorpii, Origanum vulgare, Salvia fruticosa, and Crithmum maritimum EOs against three different Staphylococcus aureus strains by gold-standard disc diffusion, broth microdilution, and microtiter plate biofilm assays. Therefore, the evaluation of the above-mentioned EOs were considered as substitutes for antibiotics to combat the ever-mounting antimicrobial resistance problem. The observed bacterial growth inhibition varied significantly depending on the type and concentration of the antimicrobials. Thymus sibthorpii was determined as the strongest antimicrobial, with 0.091 mg/mL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a 14-33 mm diameter inhibition zone at 5% (v/v) concentration. All tested EOs indicated almost 95% inhibition of biofilm formation at their half MIC, while gentamicin sulfate did not show sufficient anti-biofilm activity. None of the methicillin-resistant strains showed resistance to the EOs compared to methicillin-sensitive strains. Thymus sibthorpii and Origanum vulgare could be potential alternatives as antimicrobial agents to overcome the problem of microbial resistance. The tested EOs might be incorporated into antimicrobial products as safe and potent antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Ersanli
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene, and Quality, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Athina Tzora
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene, and Quality, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Konstantina Fotou
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene, and Quality, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Eleni Maloupa
- Laboratory of Conservation and Evaluation of Native and Floricultural Species, Institute of Plant Breeding; and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Grigoriadou
- Laboratory of Conservation and Evaluation of Native and Floricultural Species, Institute of Plant Breeding; and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene, and Quality, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I. Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Lianou DT, Fthenakis GC. Use of Antibiotics Against Bacterial Infections on Dairy Sheep and Goat Farms: Patterns of Usage and Associations with Health Management and Human Resources. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060753. [PMID: 35740159 PMCID: PMC9219691 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the study were (a) to describe the patterns of antibiotic usage against four major clinical problems and (b) to evaluate factors that were associated with their use on small ruminant farms. Sheep and goat farmers mostly administered the antibiotics to animals at the dose prescribed (80.4%) and observed the necessary withdrawal period (98.7%), but fewer farmers (22.3%) weighed the animals to calculate their bodyweight before antibiotic administration. For the treatment of clinical mastitis, oxytetracycline, penicillin and streptomycin were the antibiotics used more frequently; 2.03 different antibiotics were used per sheep flock and 2.06 per goat herd, most frequently administered in injectable forms (88.8% of farms). In cases of abortion, oxytetracycline was administered more frequently; 1.12 different antibiotics were used per sheep flock and 1.03 per goat herd. In 94 farms (21.2%), routine administration of antibiotics was performed to newborns; oxytetracycline and ampicillin were administered more often. For the treatment of pneumonia in newborns, oxytetracycline, penicillin and tulathromycin were used more frequently; 1.33 antibiotics were used per sheep flock and 1.29 per goat herd. For the treatment of diarrhoea in lambs and kids, oxytetracycline, amoxicillin and penicillin were the antibiotics used more frequently; 1.34 antibiotics were used per sheep flock and 1.59 per goat herd. Results of multivariable analyses indicated 16 variables associated with the various outcomes for usage of antibiotics for the treatment of the above clinical problems. Of these, 11 variables were associated with the farmers: education of farmers was significant for three outcomes; the age, the experience, the professional involvement and farming family tradition of farmers and the daily period spent at the farm were each significant for one outcome.
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