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Snoussi Y, Gonzalez-Miranda D, Pedregal T, Besbes N, Bouaid A, Ladero M. K 2CO 3-Modified Smectites as Basic Catalysts for Glycerol Transcarbonation to Glycerol Carbonate. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2442. [PMID: 38397119 PMCID: PMC10889115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel and cost-effective heterogeneous catalyst for glycerol carbonate production through transesterification was developed by impregnating smectite clay with K2CO3. Comprehensive structural and chemical analyses, including X-ray diffraction Analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)-Electron Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis measurements, were employed to characterize the catalysts. Among the various catalysts prepared, the one impregnated with 40 wt% K2CO3 on smectite and calcined at 550 °C exhibited the highest catalytic activity, primarily due to its superior basicity. To enhance the efficiency of the transesterification process, several reaction parameters were optimized, including the molar ratio between propylene carbonate and glycerol reactor loading of the catalyst and reaction temperature. The highest glycerol carbonate conversion rate, approximately 77.13% ± 1.2%, was achieved using the best catalyst under the following optimal conditions: 2 wt% reactor loading, 110 °C reaction temperature, 2:1 propylene carbonate to glycerol molar ratio, and 6h reaction duration. Furthermore, both the raw clay and the best calcined K2CO3-impregnated catalysts demonstrated remarkable stability, maintaining their high activity for up to four consecutive reaction cycles. Finally, a kinetic analysis was performed using kinetic data from several runs employing raw clay and the most active K2CO3-modified clay at different temperatures, observing that a simple reversible second-order potential kinetic model of the quasi-homogeneous type fits perfectly to such data in diverse temperature ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Snoussi
- Groupe de Chimie Organique Verte et Appliquée, Laboratoire des Matériaux Composites et des Minéraux Argileux, Centre National des Recherches en Sciences des Matériaux, Technopole Borj Cédria, Soliman 8027, Tunisia; (Y.S.); (N.B.)
- Faculté des Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles de Tunis, Université de Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 2019, Tunisia
| | - David Gonzalez-Miranda
- FQPIMA Group, Materials and Chemical Engineering Department, Chemical Science School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-M.); (T.P.)
| | - Tomás Pedregal
- FQPIMA Group, Materials and Chemical Engineering Department, Chemical Science School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-M.); (T.P.)
| | - Néji Besbes
- Groupe de Chimie Organique Verte et Appliquée, Laboratoire des Matériaux Composites et des Minéraux Argileux, Centre National des Recherches en Sciences des Matériaux, Technopole Borj Cédria, Soliman 8027, Tunisia; (Y.S.); (N.B.)
- Faculté des Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles de Tunis, Université de Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 2019, Tunisia
| | - Abderrahim Bouaid
- FQPIMA Group, Materials and Chemical Engineering Department, Chemical Science School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-M.); (T.P.)
| | - Miguel Ladero
- FQPIMA Group, Materials and Chemical Engineering Department, Chemical Science School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-M.); (T.P.)
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Kovalenko ON, Simentsova II, Panchenko VN, Timofeeva MN. Acid Activation of Montmorillonite as a Way of Controlling Its Catalytic Behavior in the Synthesis of Solketal from Glycerol and Acetone. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050422020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The exponential rise of the biodiesel production has resulted in a considerable amount of glycerol as a by-product, which must be valorized to ensure the sector’s long-term viability. As a result, cost-effective glycerol conversions for significant value-added chemicals are essential for the biodiesel production in the long run. Solketal, a glycerol by-product, is obtained as a potential fuel additive in the biodiesel industry. Recently, several heterogeneous acid-catalysts stand out as a promising catalyst for solketal production where biomass-based catalyst gained attraction owing to their biodegradability, eco-friendly, and abundant availability. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles-derived catalysts along with sulfonated functionalized catalyzed, zeolites, resins, enzymatic, etc. have proved their efficiency in solketal production. In this review, a wider study on the recent advances of the catalysts has been discussed along with their preparation, various reaction parameters, its application, and efficiency for biodiesel industry. This study opens up incredible prospects for us to use renewable energy sources, which will benefit the industry, the environment, and the economy.
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Abstract
The growing global demand for renewable energy sources can be reached using biofuels such as biodiesel, for example. The most used route to produce biodiesel is the transesterification reaction of oils or fats with short-chain alcohols, generating fatty acid esters (biodiesel) and a very important by-product, glycerol (Gly). Gly is widely used in different sectors of the industry, and in order to add value to this by-product, heterogeneous catalysis becomes a relevant tool, whether to transform glycerol into other chemical products of interest or even use it in the production of catalysts. Among the several studies found in the literature, the use of low-cost materials and/or wastes from the most diverse activities to prepare active catalytic materials for the transformation of Gly has been increasingly reported due to its valuable advantages, especially related to the cost of raw materials and environmental aspects. Thus, this brief review article presents the relationship between catalysis, low-cost materials, waste, and glycerol, through different studies that show glycerol being transformed through reactions catalyzed by materials produced from low-cost sources/waste or with the glycerol itself used as a catalyst.
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Organic Reactions Using Clay and Clay-Supported Catalysts: A Survey of Recent Literature. CATALYSIS SURVEYS FROM ASIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10563-021-09333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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