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Amin M, Ariefianto T, Kaula D, Husni N, Serlina Y, Suryati I, Bachtiar VS. Seasonal anomaly of particulate matter concentration in an equatorial climate: Evaluating the transboundary impact from neighboring provinces on Padang City, Indonesia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:1013. [PMID: 39365342 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-13160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the anomalous seasonal variations in particulate matter (PM) concentrations-specifically PM2.5 and PM10-in Padang City, Indonesia, situated within the Equatorial climate zone. A one-year dataset of half-hourly PM measurements from January to December 2023, collected by the Air Quality Monitoring System (AQMS) managed by the Environmental Agency of West Sumatra (DLH), was utilized. Maps of hotspots and air mass backward trajectories were used to identify possible transboundary emissions affecting Padang City. Despite the region experiencing nearly continuous rainfall, significant elevations in PM levels were observed during the typically drier months of August to October. Specifically, PM2.5 levels peaked at 36.57 µg/m3 and PM10 at 39.58 µg/m3 in October, significantly higher than in other months and indicating a substantial deviation from the typical expectations for equatorial climates. These results suggest that the high PM concentrations are not solely due to local urban emissions or normal seasonal variations but are also significantly influenced by transboundary smoke from peatland fires and agricultural burning in neighboring provinces such as Bengkulu, Riau, Jambi, and South Sumatra. Backward trajectory analysis further confirmed the substantial impact of regional activities on degradation of air quality in Padang City. The study underscores the need for integrated air quality management that includes both local and transboundary pollution sources. Enhanced monitoring, public engagement, and inter-regional collaboration are emphasized as crucial strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of PM pollution in equatorial regions like Padang City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amin
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
- Faculty of Engineering, Maritim University of Raja Ali Haji, Tanjung Pinang, Kepulauan Riau, 29115, Indonesia.
| | - Teguh Ariefianto
- Environmental Agency of West Sumatra, Kec. Padang Utara, Padang City, West Sumatra, 25137, Indonesia
| | - Dikarama Kaula
- Environmental Agency of West Sumatra, Kec. Padang Utara, Padang City, West Sumatra, 25137, Indonesia
| | - Nailul Husni
- Environmental Agency of West Sumatra, Kec. Padang Utara, Padang City, West Sumatra, 25137, Indonesia
- Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Andalas, Limau Manis, Pauh, Padang City, West Sumatra, 25175, Indonesia
| | - Yega Serlina
- Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Andalas, Limau Manis, Pauh, Padang City, West Sumatra, 25175, Indonesia
| | - Isra Suryati
- Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatra Utara, Kec. Medan Baru, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Vera Surtia Bachtiar
- Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Andalas, Limau Manis, Pauh, Padang City, West Sumatra, 25175, Indonesia
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Chaisongkaew P, Dejchanchaiwong R, Inerb M, Mahasakpan N, Nim N, Samae H, Intra P, Morris J, Ingviya T, Limna T, Tekasakul P. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 in Thailand's deep south by principal component analysis and impact of transboundary haze. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:89180-89196. [PMID: 37442939 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micron (PM2.5) was evaluated at four sites in the lower southern part of Thailand during 2019-2020 to understand the impact of PM2.5 transport from peatland fires in Indonesia on air quality during the southwest monsoon season. Mass concentration and chemical bound-PM, including carbon composition, e.g., organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and inorganic elements, were analyzed. The PM2.5 emission sources were identified by principal components analysis (PCA). The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 in the normal period, which represents clean background air, from four sites was 3.5-5.1 µg/m3, whereas during the haze period, it rose to 5.4-13.5 µg/m3. During the haze period, both OC and EC were 3.5 times as high as in the normal period. The average total PAHs and BaP-TEQ of PM2.5 during the haze period were ~ 1.3-1.7 and ~ 1.2-1.9 times higher than those in the normal period. The K concentrations significantly increased during haze periods. SO42- dominated throughout the year. The effects of external sources, especially the transboundary haze from peatland fires, were significantly enhanced, because the background air in the study locations was generally clean. PCA indicated that vehicle emission, local biomass burning, and secondary particles played a key role during normal period, whereas open biomass burning dominated during the haze phenomena. This was consistent with the OC/EC and PAH diagnostic ratios. Backward trajectories confirmed that the sources of PM during the haze period were predominantly peatland fires in Sumatra, Indonesia, due to southwest wind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatsarakorn Chaisongkaew
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Racha Dejchanchaiwong
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Muanfun Inerb
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Napawan Mahasakpan
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Nobchonnee Nim
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Hisam Samae
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Panich Intra
- College of Integrated Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Chiang Mai, 50300, Thailand
| | - John Morris
- School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Thammasin Ingviya
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Thanathip Limna
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Najurudeen NANB, Khan MF, Suradi H, Mim UA, Raim INJ, Rashid SB, Latif MT, Huda MN. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air particles and estimation of the respiratory deposition flux. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163129. [PMID: 37001671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmospheric particles constitute a topic of growing health concern. This study aims to calculate PAH concentrations, identify the source, assess the health risk from exposure to carcinogenic PAHs, and the respiratory deposition flux. PM10 and PM2.5 were collected in September 2019 in the urban, semi-urban, and semi-urban-industrial areas of Kuala Lumpur, Batu Pahat, and Bukit Rambai, respectively. A total of 18 PAHs from PM10 and 17 PAHs from PM2.5 were extracted using dichloromethane and determined using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The health risk assessment (HRA) calculated included B[a]P equivalent (B[a]Peq), lifetime lung cancer risk (LLCR), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and respiratory deposition dose (RDD). The results show PAHs in PM10 recorded in Kuala Lumpur (DBKL), Batu Pahat (UTHM), and Bukit Rambai are 9.91, 8.45, and 9.57 ng/m3, respectively. The average PAHs in PM2.5 at the three sampling sites are 11.65, 9.68, and 9.37 ng/m3, respectively. The major source of PAHs obtained from the DRs indicates pyrogenic activities for both particle sizes. For PM10, the total B[a]Peq in DBKL, UTHM, and Bukit Rambai were 1.97, 1.82, and 2.32 ng/m3, respectively. For PM2.5 samples, the total B[a]Peq in DBKL, UTHM, and Bukit Rambai were 2.80, 2.33, and 2.57 ng/m3, respectively. The LLCR and ILCR show low to moderate risk for all age groups. The RDD of adults and adolescents is highest in both PM10 and PM2.5, followed by children, toddlers, and infants. Overall, we perceive that adults and adolescents living in the urban area of Kuala Lumpur are at the highest risk for respiratory health problems because of prolonged exposure to PAHs in PM10 and PM2.5, followed by children, toddlers, and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh.
| | - Hamidah Suradi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ummay Ayesha Mim
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Nur Janntul Raim
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Sara Binte Rashid
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Nurul Huda
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Biomonitoring Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) Using Lichen Transplant Usnea misaminensis: A Case Study from Malaysia. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Urban air pollution has been a major concern due to its impact on global public health. Various techniques for monitoring urban air quality have been developed. However, there is currently a dearth of research on how effective bioaccumulators such as lichen are at monitoring urban air pollution. As a result, the purpose of this research is to investigate the use of U. misaminensis as a biological indicator for biomonitoring urban air quality in Malaysia. Three months were spent exposing lichen samples in three Malaysian cities (Kuala Lumpur, Penang, and Johor Bahru). The trace element content and vitality of the lichens were assessed. The results of this study revealed that U. misaminensis is an effective biological indicator for measuring 25 elements of air pollutants in metropolitan areas. They also revealed that all 25 elements accumulated in the urban area sample were greater than in the control sample. The vitality rate of lichens dropped in the urban area sample when compared with the control sample, indicating that an increase in elements in the air will impact the vitality rate of any biological component. In this study, two arguments are made: (a) Lichen is an excellent biological indicator, particularly for urban air pollutants such as potentially toxic elements; and (b) traffic is the primary contributor to urban air pollution; hence, the local government requires a better plan and design for urban areas to decrease air pollutants build-up.
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Hisamuddin NH, Jalaludin J, Abu Bakar S, Latif MT. The Influence of Environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Exposure on DNA Damage among School Children in Urban Traffic Area, Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042193. [PMID: 35206377 PMCID: PMC8872109 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between particulate PAHs exposure and DNA damage in Malaysian schoolchildren in heavy traffic (HT) and low traffic (LT) areas. PAH samples at eight schools were collected using a low volume sampler for 24 h and quantified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Two hundred and twenty-eight buccal cells of children were assessed for DNA damage using Comet Assay. Monte-Carlo simulation was performed to determine incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and to check the uncertainty and sensitivity of the estimated risk. Total PAH concentrations in the schools in HT area were higher than LT area ranging from 4.4 to 5.76 ng m-3 and 1.36 to 3.79 ng m-3, respectively. The source diagnostic ratio showed that PAHs in the HT area is pyrogenic, mainly from diesel emission. The 95th percentile of the ILCR for children in HT and LT area were 2.80 × 10-7 and 1.43 × 10-7, respectively. The degree of DNA damage was significantly more severe in children in the HT group compared to LT group. This study shows that total indoor PAH exposure was the most significant factor that influenced the DNA damage among children. Further investigation of the relationship between PAH exposure and genomic integrity in children is required to shed additional light on potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hazirah Hisamuddin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Suhaili Abu Bakar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
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