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Mishra AK. Nature and sources of ionic species in rainwater during monsoon periods in and around sixteenth-seventeenth century CE monuments in Yamuna River basin, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:86. [PMID: 33501567 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The nature and sources of ionic species were studied in the monsoon rainwater collected from two monuments of the sixteenth-seventeenth century CE in the Yamuna River basin from 2016 to 2018. The results showed the acidic pH of the rainwater with high dissolved SO4-2 and NO3-, and soil-derived components (Ca+2, Mg+2, and K+). The anionic (SO4-2, NO3-, Cl-, F-, and HCO3-) and cationic (Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, NH4+, and Na+) concentrations showed regional differences in yearly contribution mainly from the fossil fuel combustion, soil dust, and farm residue burning. The rainwater analysis showed low dissolved ions at SCTK (Sheikh Chilli's Tomb, Kurukshetra) compared to KBMP (Kabuli Bagh Mosque, Panipat). The mean concentration of SO4-2 was 1.5 times higher than the NO3- apportioning the sulfate as a dominant acidifying constituent in rainwater. Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) showed terrestrial and marine origins of dissolved ions in the rainwater. The Na-normalized molar ratios and the analysis of sea salt and non-sea salt fractions indicate the dominance of non-marine contributions in the precipitation. Based on neutralization factors, cations showed neutralization of rainwater acidity as follows: NFCa+2 > NFMg+2 > NFNH4+ > NFK+. The potential index showed the dominance of the neutralization potential (NP) on acidic potential (AP) at both locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Mishra
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Dhanbad, 826 004, India
- Archeological Survey of India, Chandigarh Zone, Kendriya Sadan, Room No. 24, Sector-9A, Chandigarh, 160 009, India
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Mahrt F, Alpert PA, Dou J, Grönquist P, Arroyo PC, Ammann M, Lohmann U, Kanji ZA. Aging induced changes in ice nucleation activity of combustion aerosol as determined by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:895-907. [PMID: 32188960 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00525k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fresh soot particles are generally hydrophobic, however, particle hydrophilicity can be increased through atmospheric aging processes. At present little is known on how particle chemical composition and hydrophilicity change upon atmospheric aging and associated uncertainties governing the ice cloud formation potential of soot. Here we sampled two propane flame soots referred to as brown and black soot, characterized as organic carbon rich and poor, respectively. We investigated how the ice nucleation activity of these particles changed through aging in water and aqueous acidic solutions, using a continuous flow diffusion chamber operated at cirrus cloud temperatures (T ≤ 233 K). Single aggregates of both unaged and aged soot were chemically characterized by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (STXM/NEXAFS) measurements. Particle wettability was determined through water sorption measurements. Unaged black and brown soot particles exhibited significantly different ice nucleation activities. Our experiments revealed significantly enhanced ice nucleation activity of the aged soot particles compared to the fresh samples, lowering the required relative humidities at which ice formation can take place at T = 218 K by up to 15% with respect to water (ΔRHi ≈ 25%). We observed an enhanced water uptake capacity for the aged compared to the unaged samples, which was more pronounced for the black soot. From these measurements we concluded that there is a change in ice nucleation mechanism when aging brown soot. Comparison of the NEXAFS spectra of unaged soot samples revealed a unique spectral feature around 287.5 eV in the case of black soot that was absent for the brown soot, indicative of carbon with hydroxyl functionalities. Comparison of the NEXAFS spectra of unaged and aged soot particles indicates changes in organic functional groups, and the aged spectra were found to be largely similar across soot types, with the exception of the water aged brown soot. Overall, we conclude that atmospheric aging is important to representatively assess the ice cloud formation activity of soot particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mahrt
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Lu X, Chan SC, Fung JCH, Lau AKH. To what extent can the below-cloud washout effect influence the PM 2.5? A combined observational and modeling study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:338-343. [PMID: 31091497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The below-cloud washout (BCW) effect on PM2.5 concentration during periods of rain is still a subject of debate. Existing BCW schemes for PM2.5 have large deficiencies that influence its simulation in 3D chemical transport models (CTMs). In this study, a 7-year dataset with high temporal resolution (in minutes) sampled from a pristine rural site is used to calculate the BCW coefficient during the rain events. The data used for the BCW coefficient calculation cover a wide range of rain intensity from 2 mm h-1 to 60 mm h-1. The BCW coefficient linearly correlates with the rain intensity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.82. The coefficient has a magnitude of 10-5 to 10-4 s-1 when the rain intensity ranges from 1 to 40 mm h-1. After implementing the updated BCW scheme into the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) model, the performance of PM2.5 simulation improves for the two months of heavy rain. Apart from the CAMx model, our scheme can be easily implemented into other 3D CTMs to improve PM2.5 simulation during rainy days. The BCW effect can clean around 10-40% of the PM2.5 over our study region, which can help to reduce the PM2.5 exposure level for residents, and the health burdens caused by this pollutant can thus be reduced. Rainmaking is a potential way to decrease PM2.5 concentration, but it cannot be the key method to reduce the PM2.5 level to the standard during episodic cases (e.g., >200 μg/m3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Lu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siu Chung Chan
- Mathematics and Economics Program, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jimmy C H Fung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Alexis K H Lau
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute for the Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
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MacDonald AB, Dadashazar H, Chuang PY, Crosbie E, Wang H, Wang Z, Jonsson HH, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH, Sorooshian A. Characteristic Vertical Profiles of Cloud Water Composition in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds and Relationships With Precipitation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:3704-3723. [PMID: 32025449 PMCID: PMC7002026 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study uses airborne cloud water composition measurements to characterize the vertical structure of air-equivalent mass concentrations of water-soluble species in marine stratocumulus clouds off the California coast. A total of 385 cloud water samples were collected in the months of July and August between 2011 and 2016 and analyzed for water-soluble ionic and elemental composition. Three characteristic profiles emerge: (i) a reduction of concentration with in-cloud altitude for particulate species directly emitted from sources below cloud without in-cloud sources (e.g., Cl- and Na+), (ii) an increase of concentration with in-cloud altitude (e.g., NO2 - and formate), and (iii) species exhibiting a peak in concentration in the middle of cloud (e.g., non-sea-salt SO4 2-, NO3 -, and organic acids). Vertical profiles of rainout parameters such as loss frequency, lifetime, and change in concentration with respect to time show that the scavenging efficiency throughout the cloud depth depends strongly on the thickness of the cloud. Thin clouds exhibit a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud top, while thick clouds have a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud base. The implications of these results for treatment of wet scavenging in models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Y Chuang
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Haflidi H Jonsson
- Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Wu Z, Schwede DB, Vet R, Walker JT, Shaw M, Staebler R, Zhang L. Evaluation and Intercomparison of Five North American Dry Deposition Algorithms at a Mixed Forest Site. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2018; 10:1571-1586. [PMID: 31666920 PMCID: PMC6820161 DOI: 10.1029/2017ms001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To quantify differences between dry deposition algorithms commonly used in North America, five models were selected to calculate dry deposition velocity (V d) for O3 and SO2 over a temperate mixed forest in southern Ontario, Canada, where a 5-year flux database had previously been developed. The models performed better in summer than in winter with correlation coefficients for hourly V d between models and measurements being approximately 0.6 and 0.3, respectively. Differences in mean V d values between models were on the order of a factor of 2 in both summer and winter. All models produced lower V d values than the measurements of O3 in summer and SO2 in summer and winter, although the measured V d may be biased. There was not a consistent tendency in the models to overpredict or underpredict for O3 in winter. Several models produced magnitudes of the diel variation of V d (O3) comparable to the measurements, while all models produced slightly smaller diel variations than the measurements of V d (SO2) in summer. A few models produced larger diel variations than the measurements of V d for O3 and SO2 in winter. Model differences were mainly due to different surface resistance parameterizations for stomatal and nonstomatal uptake pathways, while differences in aerodynamic and quasi-laminar resistances played only a minor role. It is recommended to use ensemble modeling results for ecosystem impact assessment studies, which provides mean values of all the used models and thus can avoid too much overestimations or underestimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wu
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Now an ORISE Fellow at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Donna B Schwede
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert Vet
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John T Walker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mike Shaw
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ralf Staebler
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Smith CJ, Huff AK, Mackenzie RB, Leopold KR. Observation of Two Conformers of Acrylic Sulfuric Anhydride by Microwave Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9074-9080. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anna K. Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca B. Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Fahey KM, Carlton AG, Pye HOT, Baek J, Hutzell WT, Stanier CO, Baker KR, Appel KW, Jaoui M, Offenberg JH. A framework for expanding aqueous chemistry in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.1. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 10:1587-1605. [PMID: 30147851 PMCID: PMC6104655 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-10-1587-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development and implementation of an extendable aqueous-phase chemistry option (AQCHEM -KMT(I)) for the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system, version 5.1. Here, the Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP), version 2.2.3, is used to generate a Rosenbrock solver (Rodas3) to integrate the stiff system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that describe the mass transfer, chemical kinetics, and scavenging processes of CMAQ clouds. CMAQ's standard cloud chemistry module (AQCHEM) is structurally limited to the treatment of a simple chemical mechanism. This work advances our ability to test and implement more sophisticated aqueous chemical mechanisms in CMAQ and further investigate the impacts of microphysical parameters on cloud chemistry. Box model cloud chemistry simulations were performed to choose efficient solver and tolerance settings, evaluate the implementation of the KPP solver, and assess the direct impacts of alternative solver and kinetic mass transfer on predicted concentrations for a range of scenarios. Month-long CMAQ simulations for winter and summer periods over the US reveal the changes in model predictions due to these cloud module updates within the full chemical transport model. While monthly average CMAQ predictions are not drastically altered between AQCHEM and AQCHEM-KMT, hourly concentration differences can be significant. With added in-cloud secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biogenic epoxides (AQCHEM-KMTI), normalized mean error and bias statistics are slightly improved for 2-methyltetrols and 2-methylglyceric acid at the Research Triangle Park measurement site in North Carolina during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) period. The added in-cloud chemistry leads to a monthly average increase of 11-18 % in "cloud" SOA at the surface in the eastern United States for June 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Fahey
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jaemeen Baek
- formerly at: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - William T. Hutzell
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Charles O. Stanier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kirk R. Baker
- Air Quality Assessment Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K. Wyat Appel
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John H. Offenberg
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Ervens B. Modeling the processing of aerosol and trace gases in clouds and fogs. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4157-98. [PMID: 25898144 DOI: 10.1021/cr5005887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ervens
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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Richards-Henderson NK, Pham AT, Kirk BB, Anastasio C. Secondary organic aerosol from aqueous reactions of green leaf volatiles with organic triplet excited states and singlet molecular oxygen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:268-76. [PMID: 25426693 DOI: 10.1021/es503656m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation emits a class of oxygenated hydrocarbons--the green leaf volatiles (GLVs)--under stress or damage. Under foggy conditions GLVs might be a source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) via aqueous reactions with hydroxyl radical (OH), singlet oxygen ((1)O2*), and excited triplet states ((3)C*). To examine this, we determined the aqueous kinetics and SOA mass yields for reactions of (3)C* and (1)O2* with five GLVs: methyl jasmonate (MeJa), methyl salicylate (MeSa), cis-3-hexenyl acetate (HxAc), cis-3-hexen-1-ol (HxO), and 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol (MBO). Second-order rate constants with (3)C* and (1)O2* range from (0.13-22) × 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) and (8.2-60) × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) at 298 K, respectively. Rate constants with (3)C* are independent of temperature, while values with (1)O2* show significant temperature dependence (Ea = 20-96 kJ mol(-1)). Aqueous SOA mass yields for oxidation by (3)C* are (84 ± 7)%, (80 ± 9)%, and (38 ± 18)%, for MeJa, MeSa, and HxAc, respectively; we did not measure yields for other conditions because of slow kinetics. The aqueous production of SOA from GLVs is dominated by (3)C* and OH reactions, which form low volatility products at a rate that is approximately half that from the parallel gas-phase reactions of GLVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Richards-Henderson
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California - Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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