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Loulier J, Lefort F, Stocki M, Asztemborska M, Szmigielski R, Siwek K, Grzywacz T, Hsiang T, Ślusarski S, Oszako T, Klisz M, Tarakowski R, Nowakowska JA. Detection of Fungi and Oomycetes by Volatiles Using E-Nose and SPME-GC/MS Platforms. Molecules 2020; 25:E5749. [PMID: 33291490 PMCID: PMC7730677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi and oomycetes release volatiles into their environment which could be used for olfactory detection and identification of these organisms by electronic-nose (e-nose). The aim of this study was to survey volatile compound emission using an e-nose device and to identify released molecules through solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) analysis to ultimately develop a detection system for fungi and fungi-like organisms. To this end, cultures of eight fungi (Armillaria gallica, Armillaria ostoyae, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium poae, Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma asperellum) and four oomycetes (Phytophthora cactorum, P. cinnamomi, P. plurivora, P. ramorum) were tested with the e-nose system and investigated by means of SPME-GC/MS. Strains of F. poae, R. solani and T. asperellum appeared to be the most odoriferous. All investigated fungal species (except R. solani) produced sesquiterpenes in variable amounts, in contrast to the tested oomycetes strains. Other molecules such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and benzene derivatives were found in all samples. The results suggested that the major differences between respective VOC emission ranges of the tested species lie in sesquiterpene production, with fungi emitting some while oomycetes released none or smaller amounts of such molecules. Our e-nose system could discriminate between the odors emitted by P. ramorum, F. poae, T. asperellum and R. solani, which accounted for over 88% of the PCA variance. These preliminary results of fungal and oomycete detection make the e-nose device suitable for further sensor design as a potential tool for forest managers, other plant managers, as well as regulatory agencies such as quarantine services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Loulier
- InTNE (Plants & Pathogens Group), Hepia, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, 150 route de Presinge, 1254 Jussy, Switzerland;
| | - François Lefort
- InTNE (Plants & Pathogens Group), Hepia, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, 150 route de Presinge, 1254 Jussy, Switzerland;
| | - Marcin Stocki
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Monika Asztemborska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafał Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Siwek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomasz Grzywacz
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Tom Hsiang
- Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Sławomir Ślusarski
- Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Oszako
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (T.O.)
- Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Marcin Klisz
- Department of Silviculture and Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Rafał Tarakowski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Justyna Anna Nowakowska
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
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Slade JH, Ault AP, Bui AT, Ditto JC, Lei Z, Bondy AL, Olson NE, Cook RD, Desrochers SJ, Harvey RM, Erickson MH, Wallace HW, Alvarez SL, Flynn JH, Boor BE, Petrucci GA, Gentner DR, Griffin RJ, Shepson PB. Bouncier Particles at Night: Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol Chemistry and Sulfate Drive Diel Variations in the Aerosol Phase in a Mixed Forest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4977-4987. [PMID: 31002496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol phase state is critical for quantifying aerosol effects on climate and air quality. However, significant challenges remain in our ability to predict and quantify phase state during its evolution in the atmosphere. Herein, we demonstrate that aerosol phase (liquid, semisolid, solid) exhibits a diel cycle in a mixed forest environment, oscillating between a viscous, semisolid phase state at night and liquid phase state with phase separation during the day. The viscous nighttime particles existed despite higher relative humidity and were independently confirmed by bounce factor measurements and atomic force microscopy. High-resolution mass spectrometry shows the more viscous phase state at night is impacted by the formation of terpene-derived and higher molecular weight secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and smaller inorganic sulfate mass fractions. Larger daytime particulate sulfate mass fractions, as well as a predominance of lower molecular weight isoprene-derived SOA, lead to the liquid state of the daytime particles and phase separation after greater uptake of liquid water, despite the lower daytime relative humidity. The observed diel cycle of aerosol phase should provoke rethinking of the SOA atmospheric lifecycle, as it suggests diurnal variability in gas-particle partitioning and mixing time scales, which influence aerosol multiphase chemistry, lifetime, and climate impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Slade
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Alexander T Bui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Jenna C Ditto
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Amy L Bondy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Ryan D Cook
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Sarah J Desrochers
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Rebecca M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Matthew H Erickson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Henry W Wallace
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Sergio L Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Giuseppe A Petrucci
- Department of Chemistry , University of Vermont , Burlington , Vermont 05405 , United States
| | - Drew R Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Purdue Climate Change Research Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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