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Zeng L, Xiao S, Dai Y, Chen T, Wang H, Yang P, Huang G, Yan M, You Y, Zheng X, Zhang S, Wu Y. Characterization of on-road nitrogen oxides and black carbon emissions from high emitters of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135225. [PMID: 39059297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) significantly contribute to atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NOX) and black carbon (BC), with high emitters within the HDDV fleet impacting the total emissions. However, emission patterns and contributions of high emitters are rarely explored from a fleet-perspective. We investigated NOX and BC emission factors (EFs) from 1925 HDDVs in Shenzhen by the plume-chasing method, and found that the fleet-average EFs decreased with stricter emission standards. Unexpectedly, the average NOX EF for the China IV fleet was comparable with that for the China III fleet due to possible ineffective aftertreatment in high-emitter sectors of China IV HDDVs. Decreasing trend in average NOX EF since 2017 reflected the effective emission controls by the implementation of China V standard. Besides, semi-trailer tractors exhibited a higher incidence of NOX over-emissions, whereas BC high emitters were more pronounced in box trucks. Total NOX and BC emissions from HDDVs in Shenzhen were revisited, reaching 54.0 and 1.1 Gg·yr-1, with updated NOX EF correcting a 26.2 % underestimation in national guidelines. Notably, eliminating high emitters yields greater emission reduction benefits than merely retiring old HDDVs, with BC reduction outpacing NOX. This study provides new insights into the implementation of targeted emission reduction measures for HDDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Shupei Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Yifei Dai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Pan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Guancong Huang
- Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518022, PR China
| | - Min Yan
- Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518022, PR China
| | - Yan You
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Insititute, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Macao Special Administrative Regions of China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China.
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Ye Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Li R, Han Y, Wang L, Shang Y, Chen Y. Differences in oxidative potential of black carbon from three combustion emission sources in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 240:57-65. [PMID: 30928795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is mainly derived from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, and poses a serious threat to human health. Actual BC from extensive emission sources presents a variety of characteristics that are likely associated with different oxidative potentials (OP) and health endpoints. In the present study, BC derived from three main emission sources (residential coal combustion, biomass burning, and diesel engine exhaust) in China was subjected to physiochemical characterization and its OP was tested using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. In order to obtain actual BC, the water-soluble part (WS) and organic extract (OE) were eluted successively from PM and the residue particle (RP) were reserved. PM from diesel vehicles had the most effective DTT consumption capacity, followed by PM from biomass and coal burning. And the OP of PM was mostly attributed to its RP part which mainly consisted of metals and BC. SEM/TEM, OC/EC, IC, and ICP-MS measurements confirmed that soluble ions and organic compounds were washed off effectively, while some metals were still retained in the RP part. Thus, the OP of BC was evaluated after adding DTPA to inhibit DTT activity caused by metals in the RP. Significant differences in OP and physiochemical characteristics of BC from the three emission sources were observed. BC from diesel exhaust exhibited the highest DTT activity (15.5 ± 12.6 pmol min-1 μg-1) compared to that of BC from biomass (2.5 ± 1.0 pmol min-1 μg-1) and coal (1.3 ± 0.5 pmol min-1 μg-1) burning. Diesel exhaust BC, which was emitted under the highest combustion temperature, had the smallest size. Coal consumption in China contributes to the highest amount of BC mass emission, but our result indicates that diesel exhaust BC has the greatest OP. An emission inventory based on health impacts is urgently needed to control air pollution sources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yong Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Recent Advances in Quantifying Wet Scavenging Efficiency of Black Carbon Aerosol. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosol is of great importance not only for its strong potential in heating air and impacts on cloud, but also because of its hazards to human health. Wet deposition is regarded as the main sink of BC, constraining its lifetime and thus its impact on the environment and climate. However, substantial controversial and ambiguous issues in the wet scavenging processes of BC are apparent in current studies. Despite of its significance, there are only a small number of field studies that have investigated the incorporation of BC-containing particles into cloud droplets and influencing factors, in particular, the in-cloud scavenging, because it was simplicitly considered in many studies (as part of total wet scavenging). The mass scavenging efficiencies (MSEs) of BC were observed to be varied over the world, and the influencing factors were attributed to physical and chemical properties (e.g., size and chemical compositions) and meteorological conditions (cloud water content, temperature, etc.). In this review, we summarized the MSEs and potential factors that influence the in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging of BC. In general, MSEs of BC are lower at low-altitude regions (urban, suburban, and rural sites) and increase with the rising altitude, which serves as additional evidence that atmospheric aging plays an important role in the chemical modification of BC. Herein, higher altitude sites are more representative of free-tropospheric conditions, where BC is usually more aged. Despite of increasing knowledge of BC–cloud interaction, there are still challenges that need to be addressed to gain a better understanding of the wet scavenging of BC. We recommend that more comprehensive methods should be further estimated to obtain high time-resolved scavenging efficiency (SE) of BC, and to distinguish the impact of in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging on BC mass concentration, which is expected to be useful for constraining the gap between field observation and modeling simulation results.
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Mölders N, Edwin SG. Review of Black Carbon in the Arctic—Origin, Measurement Methods, and Observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojap.2018.72010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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