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Wu W, Chai S, Zhou Y. Acoustic characteristics of laser-induced plasmas from the forming dynamics perspective. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:9375-9382. [PMID: 38108710 DOI: 10.1364/ao.506394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The acoustic signal has demonstrated its capabilities in assisting laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements. In this study, the acoustic characteristics of laser-induced plasmas (LIPs) under different levels of energy deposition were analyzed, and their correlation with LIP forming dynamics was investigated. In the deposited energy space, two zones in the acoustic pressure and duration were observed, featuring a clear transition point in 100 mJ. The analysis based on self-emission spectra and images suggested that this transition is a result of the change in plasma forming dynamics. Above 100mJ, the plasma temperature and electron density were saturated; thus, any further increase in deposited energy only contributes to the plasma size. In this regime, the acoustic wave from the significantly elongated plasma no longer satisfied the ideal spherical assumption. The observation was also strengthened by the analysis in the frequency domain. Moreover, the correlation between acoustic and radiation signals was also changed significantly with plasma forming dynamics. This study offers a systematic analysis of LIP acoustic signals on the deposited energy space. The potential of using acoustic measurement to interpret the plasma forming dynamics was demonstrated, which could be beneficial for the successful implementations of acoustic-aided LIBS.
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Huang HH, Juodkazis S, Gamaly EG, Tikhonchuk VT, Hatanaka K. Mechanism of Single-Cycle THz Pulse Generation and X-ray Emission: Water-Flow Irradiated by Two Ultra-Short Laser Pulses. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2505. [PMID: 37764534 PMCID: PMC10538184 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of two subsequent ultra-short sub-milli-Joule laser pulses with a thin water flow results in an emission of a strong single-cycle THz pulse associated with enhanced soft X-ray emission. In this paper, a chain of processes produced in this interaction is analyzed and compared with other THz generation studies. It is demonstrated that the enhanced THz and X-ray emissions are produced by an energetic electron beam accelerated in the interaction of a main laser pulse with liquid water ejected from the surface by the pre-pulse. This scheme thus provides an efficient laser energy conversion in a THz pulse, avoiding laser self-focusing and filamentation in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hui Huang
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- WRH Program International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Eugene G. Gamaly
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Vladimir T. Tikhonchuk
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France
- Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, ELI Beamlines Facility, Za Radnicic 835, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - Koji Hatanaka
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Research Administration Office, Organization for Research Strategy and Development, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan
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Sobral H, Hernández-Rangel V. Dependence on the Lens-to-Target Distance and with the Laser Energy at Constant Irradiance of the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Signal. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:998-1007. [PMID: 35291828 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221091291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The emission signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of a laser-produced plasma on an aluminum target at different focusing distances and at fixed irradiances was investigated. The plasma was produced by a 1064 nm nanosecond-pulsed laser and the energy and irradiances were varied in the 6-110 mJ and 0.4-700 GW cm-2 ranges, respectively. Regardless of the applied laser energy, adjusting the lens-to-target distance, best emission values were obtained for an irradiance of nearly 8 GW cm-2. At lower irradiances, the signal decreases due to less matter removal, while at higher values, the plasma shielding effect prevents the laser from reaching the sample. This mechanism is surpassed when the lens-to-sample distance is close to the nominal focusing value at about 100 GW cm-2. The enhancement of the signal with the focusing distance is due to a combination of an increment of the plasma temperature, electron density, and atomized mass. When the irradiance is kept fixed changing simultaneously the laser energy and the ablated area, an increment of the emission was observed. This is basically due to an increment of the ablated mass while both electron density and temperature do not show significant changes, even though the laser energy increased by more than one order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Sobral
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, 7180Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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Alvarez-Llamas C, Purohit P, Moros J, Laserna JJ. Pressure Effects on Simultaneous Optical and Acoustics Data from Laser-Induced Plasmas in Air: Implications to the Differentiation of Geological Materials. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:946-958. [PMID: 35766826 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The shockwave generated alongside the plasma is an intimately linked, yet often neglected additional input for the characterization of solid samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The present work introduces a dual LIBS-acoustics sensor that takes advantage of the analysis of the acoustic spectrum yielded by shockwaves produced on different geological samples to enhance the discrimination power of LIBS in materials featuring similar optical emission spectra. Six iron-based minerals were tested at a distance of 2 m using 1064 nm laser light and under pressure values ranging from 7 to 1015 mbar. These experimental parameters were selected to assess the effects of pressure, one of the main factors conditioning the propagation of sound as well as a commonly investigated influence in LIBS experiments. Moreover, precise values for carrying out the analyses were set based on one of the most exciting scenarios in which LIBS data may be enhanced by laser-induced acoustics: space exploration. This is exemplified by the tasks performed by the Mars 2020 SuperCam instrument located onboard the Perseverance rover. Authors evaluated the use of acoustic signals both in the time-domain and frequency-domain in sensitive cases for the distinguishing of minerals exhibiting LIBS spectra featuring almost the same emission lines using PCA schemes for each pressure setting. Thus, we report herein the impact of the surrounding pressure level upon this diagnostic tool. Overall, this paper seeks to show how the analytical potential of simultaneous phenomena taking place during a laser-produced plasma event is subjected to the defined operational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Alvarez-Llamas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, UMALaserLab, 16752Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Purohit
- Departamento de Química Analítica, UMALaserLab, 16752Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Niels Bohr Institute, 16752University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javier Moros
- Departamento de Química Analítica, UMALaserLab, 16752Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - J Javier Laserna
- Departamento de Química Analítica, UMALaserLab, 16752Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Abstract
The supersonic wind tunnel facility SBR-50 at the University of Notre Dame was built in 2015 for experimental research related to shock wave (SW) interactions with obstacles and boundary layers (BL) as well as supersonic combustion and a plasma-based flow control. Currently, the facility provides the following range of flow parameters with a test section area at the nozzle exit of 76.2 × 76.2 mm: Mach number M=2 and 4, total pressure p0= 1–4 bar, stagnation temperature T0= 300–775 K, and typical duration of the steady-state flow t= 0.5–2 s. One distinct feature of the facility is the Ohmic gas heater installed in a long plenum section. Objective of this study is to characterize flow in the SBR-50 facility, specifically the dynamics of the gas temperature. Two measuring methods were applied for collection of a detailed dataset: thermocouple measurements and schlieren-based thermal mark (laser spark) velocimetry. The experimental data are compared with 3D Navier–Stokes modelling of the gas parameters over the entire flowpath. Particularly, this study proves that the original facility schematics (the concept of a virtual piston in the plenum) allow for a longer operation with a constant stagnation temperature compared to a constant plenum volume with adiabatic cooling of the stored gas.
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Chide B, Beyssac O, Gauthier M, Benzerara K, Estève I, Boulliard JC, Maurice S, Wiens RC. Acoustic monitoring of laser-induced phase transitions in minerals: implication for Mars exploration with SuperCam. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24019. [PMID: 34911980 PMCID: PMC8674266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The SuperCam instrument suite onboard the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover uses the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique to determine the elemental composition of rocks and soils of the Mars surface. It is associated with a microphone to retrieve the physical properties of the ablated targets when listening to the laser-induced acoustic signal. In this study, we report the monitoring of laser-induced mineral phase transitions in acoustic data. Sound data recorded during the laser ablation of hematite, goethite and diamond showed a sharp increase of the acoustic signal amplitude over the first laser shots. Analyses of the laser-induced craters with Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicate that both hematite and goethite have been transformed into magnetite and that diamond has been transformed into amorphous-like carbon over the first laser shots. It is shown that these transitions are the root cause of the increase in acoustic signal, likely due to a change in target’s physical properties as the material is transformed. These results give insights into the influence of the target’s optical and thermal properties over the acoustic signal. But most importantly, in the context of the Mars surface exploration with SuperCam, as this behavior occurs only for specific phases, it demonstrates that the microphone data may help discriminating mineral phases whereas LIBS data only have limited capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Chide
- IRAP-CNRS, Université Toulouse III, 31400, Toulouse, France.
| | - Olivier Beyssac
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7590, IMPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michel Gauthier
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7590, IMPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7590, IMPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Imène Estève
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7590, IMPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Boulliard
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7590, IMPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Roger C Wiens
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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Nagel LA, Skrodzki PJ, Finney LA, Nawara R, Burger M, Nees J, Jovanovic I. Single-shot, double-pulse determination of the detonation energy in nanosecond-laser ablation using the blast model. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:33481-33490. [PMID: 34809159 DOI: 10.1364/oe.440212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel single-shot method to determine the detonation energy of laser-induced plasma and investigate its performance. This approach can be used in cases where there are significant shot-to-shot variations in ablation conditions, such as laser fluctuations, target inhomogeneity, or multiple filamentation with ultrashort pulses. The Sedov blast model is used to fit two time-delayed shadowgrams measured with a double-pulse laser. We find that the reconstruction of detonation parameters is insensitive to the choice of interpulse delay in double-pulse shadowgraphy. In contrast, the initial assumption of expansion dimensionality has a large impact on the reconstructed detonation energy. The method allows for a reduction in the uncertainties of blast wave energy measurements as a diagnostic technique employed in various laser ablation applications.
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Kautz EJ, Yeak J, Bernacki BE, Phillips MC, Harilal SS. Expansion dynamics and chemistry evolution in ultrafast laser filament produced plasmas. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8304-8314. [PMID: 32202277 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Laser ablation in conjunction with optical emission spectroscopy is a potential non-contact, stand-off detection method for all elements in the periodic table and certain isotopes such as radionuclides. Currently, significant development efforts are on-going to use ultrafast laser filaments for remote detection of materials. The application of filaments is of particular interest in extending the range of stand-off capability associated with elemental and isotopic detection via laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. In this study, we characterize the expansion dynamics and chemical evolution of filament-produced uranium (U) plasmas. Laser filaments are generated in the laboratory by loosely focusing 35 femtosecond (fs), 6 milli Joule (mJ) pulses in air. Time-resolved, two-dimensional plume and spectral imaging was performed to study hydrodynamics and evolution of U atomic and UO molecular emission in filament-produced U plasmas. Our results highlight that filament ablation of U plasmas gives a cylindrical plume morphology with an appearance of plume splitting into slow and fast moving components at later times of its evolution. Emission from the slow-moving component shows no distinct spectral features (i.e. broadband-like) and is contributed in part by nanoparticles generated during ultrafast laser ablation. Additionally, we find U atoms and U oxide molecules (i.e. UO, UxOy) co-exist in the filament produced plasma, which can be attributed to the generation of low-temperature plasma conditions during filament ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark C Phillips
- Opticslah, LLC, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA and James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Temporally and Spatially Resolved Emission Spectroscopy of Hydrogen, Cyanide and Carbon in Laser-Induced Plasma. ATOMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms7030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examine the atomic and molecular signatures in laser-induced plasma. Abel inversions of measured line-of-sight data reveal insight into the radial plasma distribution. Laser-plasma is generated with 6 ns, Q-switched Nd:YAG radiation with energies in the range of 100 to 800 mJ. Temporally- and spatially-resolved emission spectroscopy investigates expansion dynamics. Specific interests include atomic hydrogen (H) and cyanide (CN). Atomic hydrogen spectra indicate axisymmetric shell structures and isentropic expansion of the plasma kernel. The recombination radiation of CN emanates within the first 100 nanoseconds for laser-induced breakdown in a 1:1 mole ratio CO2:N2 gas mixture. CN excitation temperatures are determined from fitting recorded and computed spectra. Chemical equilibrium mole fractions of CN are computed for air and the CO2:N2 gas mixture. Measurements utilize a 0.64-m Czerny–Turner type spectrometer and an intensified charge-coupled device.
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