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Bhattacharyya S, Roy S, Vajtai R. Emerging Processes for Sustainable Li-Ion Battery Cathode Recycling. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400557. [PMID: 38922789 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The colossal growth in the use of Li-ion batteries (LiBs) has raised serious concerns over the supply chain of strategic minerals, e.g., Co, Ni, and Li, that make up the cathode active materials (CAM). Recycling spent LiBs is an important step toward sustainability that can establish a circular economy by effectively tackling large amounts of e-waste while ensuring an unhindered supply of critical minerals. Among the various methods of LiB recycling available, pyro- and hydrometallurgy have been utilized in the industry owing to their ease of operation and high efficiency, although they are associated with significant environmental concerns. Direct recycling, a more recent concept that aims to relithiate spent LiBs without disrupting the lattice structure of the CAMs, has been realized only in the laboratory scale so far and further optimization is required before it can be extended to the bulk scale. Additionally, significant progress has been made in the areas of hydrometallurgy in terms of using ecofriendly green lixiviants and alternate sources of energy, e.g., microwave and electrochemical, that makes the recycling processes more efficient and sustainable. In this review, the latest developments in LiB recycling are discussed that have focused on environmental and economic viability, as well as process intensification. These include deep eutectic solvent based recycling, electrochemical and microwave-assisted recycling, and various types of direct recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Bhattacharyya
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
- Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Robert Vajtai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
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Cenci MP, Eidelwein EM, Veit HM. Composition and recycling of smartphones: A mini-review on gaps and opportunities. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1512-1528. [PMID: 37052313 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231164324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
After more than a decade since smartphones became consolidated in the market, many recycling solutions have been proposed to deal with them. To continue developing useful solutions and enable adjustment of routes, this mini-review aims to analyse the current research scenario, presenting relevant gaps, trends and opportunities. From a structured searching and screening procedure, a vast source of data was arranged and is available to extract useful information (43 studies on composition and 93 studies on recycling). The study provides discussions about the history of smartphone development, constituent materials and recycling methods for different components, comparisons between feature phones and smartphones and others. Among some conclusions, the authors highlight the lack of studies on pre-extractive methods, green chemistry, recovery of critical and precious metals, determination of priority materials for recovery and solutions for entire devices. In the end, a list containing six research gaps for composition studies and seven research gaps for recycling studies is provided and may be seen as opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Pilotto Cenci
- LACOR, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Estela Moschetta Eidelwein
- LACOR, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hugo Marcelo Veit
- LACOR, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Vieceli N, Ottink T, Stopic S, Dertmann C, Swiontek T, Vonderstein C, Sojka R, Reinhardt N, Ekberg C, Friedrich B, Petranikova M. Solvent extraction of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries: dynamic optimization of the number of extraction stages using factorial design of experiments and response surface methodology. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Roy JJ, Rarotra S, Krikstolaityte V, Zhuoran KW, Cindy YDI, Tan XY, Carboni M, Meyer D, Yan Q, Srinivasan M. Green Recycling Methods to Treat Lithium-Ion Batteries E-Waste: A Circular Approach to Sustainability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103346. [PMID: 34632652 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
E-waste generated from end-of-life spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is increasing at a rapid rate owing to the increasing consumption of these batteries in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage worldwide. On the one hand, landfilling and incinerating LIBs e-waste poses environmental and safety concerns owing to their constituent materials. On the other hand, scarcity of metal resources used in manufacturing LIBs and potential value creation through the recovery of these metal resources from spent LIBs has triggered increased interest in recycling spent LIBs from e-waste. State of the art recycling of spent LIBs involving pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy processes generates considerable unwanted environmental concerns. Hence, alternative innovative approaches toward the green recycling process of spent LIBs are essential to tackle large volumes of spent LIBs in an environmentally friendly way. Such evolving techniques for spent LIBs recycling based on green approaches, including bioleaching, waste for waste approach, and electrodeposition, are discussed here. Furthermore, the ways to regenerate strategic metals post leaching, efficiently reprocess extracted high-value materials, and reuse them in applications including electrode materials for new LIBs. The concept of "circular economy" is highlighted through closed-loop recycling of spent LIBs achieved through green-sustainable approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jegan Roy
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Saptak Rarotra
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Vida Krikstolaityte
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Kenny Wu Zhuoran
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yang Dja-Ia Cindy
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Xian Yi Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael Carboni
- Université de Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM; UMR 5257 (ICSM) BP 17171, Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, 30207, France
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Université de Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM; UMR 5257 (ICSM) BP 17171, Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, 30207, France
| | - Qingyu Yan
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Madhavi Srinivasan
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Keller A, Sterner P, Hlawitschka M, Bart HJ. Extraction kinetics of cobalt and manganese with D2EHPA from lithium-ion battery recyclate. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ineza C, Pearce BH, Begum NM, Luckay R. The synthesis and use of new amic acid extractants for the selective extraction of Cu(II),Ni(II) and Co(II) from other base metal ions in acidic medium. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1881119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Ineza
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Brendan H. Pearce
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nusrat M. Begum
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robert Luckay
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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León G, Hidalgo AM, Miguel B, Guzmán MA. Pertraction of Co(II) through Novel Ultrasound Prepared Supported Liquid Membranes Containing D2EHPA. Optimization and Transport Parameters. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120436. [PMID: 33348929 PMCID: PMC7767282 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pertraction of Co(II) through novel supported liquid membranes prepared by ultrasound, using bis-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid as carrier, sulfuric acid as stripping agent and a counter-transport mechanism, is studied in this paper. Supported liquid membrane characterization through scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows the impregnation of the microporous polymer support by the membrane phase by the action of ultrasound. The effect on the initial flux of Co(II) of different experimental conditions is analyzed to optimize the transport process. At these optimal experimental conditions (feed phase pH 6, 0.5 M sulfuric acid in product phase, carrier concentration 0.65 M in membrane phase and stirring speed of 300 rpm in both phases) supported liquid membrane shows great stability. From the relation between the inverse of Co(II) initial permeability and the inverse of the square of carrier concentration in the membrane phase, in the optimized experimental conditions, the transport resistance due to diffusion through both the aqueous feed boundary layer (3.7576 × 104 s·m−1) and the membrane phase (1.1434 × 1010 s·m−1), the thickness of the aqueous feed boundary layer (4.0206 × 10−6 m) and the diffusion coefficient of the Co(II)-carrier in the bulk membrane (4.0490 × 10−14 m2·s−1), have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo León
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; (B.M.); (M.A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Asunción María Hidalgo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Miguel
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; (B.M.); (M.A.G.)
| | - María Amelia Guzmán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; (B.M.); (M.A.G.)
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Review on the Comparison of the Chemical Reactivity of Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 for Their Application to Metal Separation from Acid Media. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10081105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanex extractants, such as Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301, and Cyanex 302 have been commercialized and widely used in the extraction and separation of metal ions in hydrometallurgy. Since Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 are the derivatives of Cyanex 272, these extractants have similar functional groups. In order to understand the different extraction behaviors of these extractants, an understanding of the relationship between their structure and reactivity is important. We reviewed the physicochemical properties of these extractants, such as their solubility in water, polymerization degree, acidity strength, extraction performance of metal ions, and the interaction with diluent and other extractants on the basis of their chemical structure. Synthetic methods for these extractants were also introduced. This information is of great value in the synthesis of new kinds of extractants for the extraction of metals from a diverse medium. From the literature, the extraction and stripping characteristics of metals by Cyanex 272 and its derivatives from inorganic acids such as HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3 were also reviewed. The replacement of oxygen with sulfur in the functional groups (P = O to P = S group) has two opposing effects. One is to enhance their acidity and extractability due to an increase in the stability of metal complexes, and the other is to make the stripping of metals from the loaded Cyanex 301 difficult.
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Garole DJ, Hossain R, Garole VJ, Sahajwalla V, Nerkar J, Dubal DP. Recycle, Recover and Repurpose Strategy of Spent Li-ion Batteries and Catalysts: Current Status and Future Opportunities. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3079-3100. [PMID: 32302053 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of hazardous waste of any form has become a great concern for the industrial sector due to increased environmental awareness. The increase in usage of hydroprocessing catalysts by petrochemical industries and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in portable electronics and electric vehicles will soon generate a large amount of scrap and create significant environmental problems. Like general electronic wastes, spent catalysts and LIBs are currently discarded in municipal solid waste and disposed of in landfills in the absence of policy and feasible technology to drive alternatives. Such inactive catalyst materials and spent LIBs not only contain not only hazardous heavy metals but also toxic and carcinogenic chemicals. Besides polluting the environment, these systems (spent catalysts and LIBs) contain valuable metals such as Ni, Mo, Co, Li, Mn, Rh, Pt, and Pd. Therefore, the extraction and recovery of these valuable metals has significant importance. In this Review, we have summarized the strategies used to recover valuable (expensive) as well as cheap metals from secondary resources-especially spent catalysts and LIBs. The first section contains the background and sources of LIBs and catalyst scraps with their current recycling status, followed by a brief explanation of metal recovery methods such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and biometallurgy. The recent advances achieved in these methods are critically summarized. Thus, the Review provides a guide for the selection of adequate methods for metal recovery and future opportunities for the repurposing of recovered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak J Garole
- Directorate of Geology and Mining, Government of Maharashtra, Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Rumana Hossain
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Vaman J Garole
- Department of Chemistry, K.E.S. S.P.JainJr.College, Nagothane, Dist.Raigad, M.S., India
| | - Veena Sahajwalla
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jawahar Nerkar
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Deepak P Dubal
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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Budnyak TM, Piątek J, Pylypchuk IV, Klimpel M, Sevastyanova O, Lindström ME, Gun’ko VM, Slabon A. Membrane-Filtered Kraft Lignin-Silica Hybrids as Bio-Based Sorbents for Cobalt(II) Ion Recycling. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10847-10856. [PMID: 32455205 PMCID: PMC7240831 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and sustainable recycling of cobalt(II) is of increasing importance to support technological development in energy storage and electric vehicle industries. A composite material based on membrane-filtered lignin deposited on nanoporous silica microparticles was found to be an effective and sustainable sorbent for cobalt(II) removal. This bio-based sorbent exhibited a high sorption capacity, fast kinetics toward cobalt(II) adsorption, and good reusability. The adsorption capacity was 18 mg Co(II) per gram of dry adsorbent at room temperature (22 °C) at near-neutral pH, three times higher than that of the summarized capacity of lignin or silica starting materials. The kinetics study showed that 90 min is sufficient for effective cobalt(II) extraction by the composite sorbent. The pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models fitted well with experimentally obtained data and confirmed heterogeneity of adsorption sites. The promising potential of the lignin-silica composites for industrial applications in the cobalt recovering process was confirmed by high values of desorption in mildly acidic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana M. Budnyak
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jędrzej Piątek
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ievgen V. Pylypchuk
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Klimpel
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olena Sevastyanova
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center (WWSC), Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael E. Lindström
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volodymyr M. Gun’ko
- Chuiko
Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine, 17 General Naumov
Str., 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Adam Slabon
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
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