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Zhou M, Kourtiche D, Claudel J, Deschamps F, Magne I, Roth P, Schmitt P, Nadi M. Interference voltage measurement and analysis of cardiac implants exposed to electric fields at extremely low frequency. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:045060. [PMID: 38861945 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad567e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Objective.The possibility of interference by electromagnetic fields in the workplaces with cardiac implants is a concern for both individuals and employers. This article presents an analysis of the interference to which cardiac implants are subjected under high-intensity electric field at the power frequency.Approach.Evaluations of interference were conducted by studying the induced voltages at the device input in the real case study and the substitute study, and establishing an association between them with the equivalence factorF. A funnel-shaped phantom, designed forin vitrotesting and representing the electrical characteristics of the locations where cardiac implants are installed, was used in the substitute study. A measuring system was implemented to measure the induced voltage at the device input under high intensity electric fields.Main results.The induced voltages obtained in the experimental measurements align with the findings of the numerical study in the phantom. By applying the equivalence factors derived between the real case study and the substitute study (2.39 for unipolar sensing; 3.64 for bipolar sensing), the induced voltages on the cardiac implants can be determined for the real case using the substitute experimental set-up.Significance.The interference voltages on the cardiac implants under electric field exposures at low frequency were experimentally measured with detailed description. The findings provide evidence for an analysis method to systematically study the electromagnetic interference on the cardiac implants at low frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Zhou
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Djilali Kourtiche
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Julien Claudel
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Francois Deschamps
- RTE, Direction Développement Ingénierie, Département Concertation et Environnement, Place du Dôme 92073 Paris La Défense Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Magne
- EDF , Service des Etudes Médicales, Immeuble Smartside, Bâtiment Bréchet, 4ème étage, zone 4-680 4 rue Floréal, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Patrice Roth
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Pierre Schmitt
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Mustapha Nadi
- Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000 Nancy, France
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Interference thresholds for active implantable cardiovascular devices in occupational low-frequency electric and magnetic fields: a numerical and in vitro study. Med Eng Phys 2022; 104:103799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Assessment of Human Exposure (Including Interference to Implantable Devices) to Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Modern Microgrids, Power Systems and Electric Transports. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14206789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic field emissions of modern power systems have increased in complexity if the many power conversion forms by means of power electronics and static converters are considered. In addition, the installed electric power has grown in many everyday applications such as wireless charging of vehicles, home integrated photovoltaic systems, high-performance electrified transportation systems, and so on. Attention must then be shifted to include harmonics and commutation components on one side, as well as closer interaction with humans, that concretizes in impact on physiological functions and interference to implantable medical devices and hearing aids. The panorama is complex in that standards and regulations have also increased significantly or underwent extensive revisions in the last 10 years or so. For assessment, the straightforward application of the limits of exposure is hindered by measurement problems (time or frequency domain methods, positioning errors, impact of uncertainty) and complex scenarios of exposure (multiple sources, large field gradient, time-varying emissions). This work considers thus both the clarification of the principles of interaction for each affected system (including humans) and the discussion of the large set of related normative and technical documents, deriving a picture of requirements and constraints. The methods of assessment are discussed in a metrological perspective using a range of examples.
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Gerçek C, Kourtiche D, Nadi M, Magne I, Schmitt P, Roth P, Souques M. Phantom Model Testing of Active Implantable Cardiac Devices at 50/60 Hz Electric Field. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:136-147. [PMID: 31903644 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to external extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields induces the development of electric fields inside the human body, with their nature depending on multiple factors including the human body characteristics and frequency, amplitude, and wave shape of the field. The objective of this study was to determine whether active implanted cardiac devices may be perturbed by a 50 or 60 Hz electric field and at which level. A numerical method was used to design the experimental setup. Several configurations including disadvantageous scenarios, 11 implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and 43 cardiac pacemakers were tested in vitro by an experimental bench test up to 100 kV/m at 50 Hz and 83 kV/m at 60 Hz. No failure was observed for ICNIRP public exposure levels for most configurations (in more than 99% of the clinical cases), except for six pacemakers tested in unipolar mode with maximum sensitivity and atrial sensing. The implants configured with a nominal sensitivity in the bipolar mode were found to be resistant to electric fields exceeding the low action levels, even for the highest action levels, as defined by the Directive 2013/35/EU. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:136-147. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Gerçek
- Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), Universite de Lorraine-CNRS, Nancy, France.,Department of Design, Production and Management, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Djilali Kourtiche
- Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), Universite de Lorraine-CNRS, Nancy, France
| | - Mustapha Nadi
- Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), Universite de Lorraine-CNRS, Nancy, France
| | | | - Pierre Schmitt
- Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), Universite de Lorraine-CNRS, Nancy, France
| | - Patrice Roth
- Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198), Universite de Lorraine-CNRS, Nancy, France
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