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YANG XUEGANG, XIANG XIANHONG, XU GUOHUI, ZHOU SHI, AN TIANZHI, HUANG ZHI. Silencing of peroxiredoxin 2 suppresses proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and induces senescence in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Res 2023; 32:213-226. [PMID: 38188679 PMCID: PMC10767235 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.030768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a common malignancy worldwide, still lacks effective clinical treatment. The study aimed to investigate the oncogenes that affect the progression of HCC and their possible mechanisms. In our study, we initially confirmed a higher level of PRDX2 in the bile of HCC patients compared to those with choledocholithiasis by 2-DE, LC-MS, and ELISA. Subsequently, we demonstrated the high expression of peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) in HCC based on the TCGA database and clinical sample analysis. Furthermore, PRDX2 overexpression enhanced the viability of HCC cells. And PRDX2 silencing induced senescence of HCC cells. In vivo, knockdown of PRDX2 significantly reduced the weight of xenograft tumors. PRDX2 also was found to activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by inducing β-catenin nuclear translocation. Consequently, we proved that silencing PRDX2 could inhibit proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin pathway while promoting senescence in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- XUEGANG YANG
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - XIANHONG XIANG
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - GUOHUI XU
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - SHI ZHOU
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - TIANZHI AN
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - ZHI HUANG
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550002, China
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2
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Li YR, Fang Y, Lyu Z, Zhu Y, Yang L. Exploring the dynamic interplay between cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment: implications for novel therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med 2023; 21:686. [PMID: 37784157 PMCID: PMC10546755 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as key contributors to tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. In addition, CSCs play a significant role in inducing immune evasion, thereby compromising the effectiveness of cancer treatments. The reciprocal communication between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is observed, with the TME providing a supportive niche for CSC survival and self-renewal, while CSCs, in turn, influence the polarization and persistence of the TME, promoting an immunosuppressive state. Consequently, these interactions hinder the efficacy of current cancer therapies, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches to modulate the TME and target CSCs. In this review, we highlight the intricate strategies employed by CSCs to evade immune surveillance and develop resistance to therapies. Furthermore, we examine the dynamic interplay between CSCs and the TME, shedding light on how this interaction impacts cancer progression. Moreover, we provide an overview of advanced therapeutic strategies that specifically target CSCs and the TME, which hold promise for future clinical and translational studies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zibai Lyu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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3
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Niu ZS, Wang WH, Niu XJ. Recent progress in molecular mechanisms of postoperative recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:6433-6477. [PMID: 36569275 PMCID: PMC9782839 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i46.6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatectomy is currently considered the most effective option for treating patients with early and intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, the postoperative prognosis of patients with HCC remains unsatisfactory, predominantly because of high postoperative metastasis and recurrence rates. Therefore, research on the molecular mechanisms of postoperative HCC metastasis and recurrence will help develop effective intervention measures to prevent or delay HCC metastasis and recurrence and to improve the long-term survival of HCC patients. Herein, we review the latest research progress on the molecular mechanisms underlying postoperative HCC metastasis and recurrence to lay a foundation for improving the understanding of HCC metastasis and recurrence and for developing more precise prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Shan Niu
- Laboratory of Micromorphology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Niu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Qingdao Shibei District People's Hospital, Qingdao 266033, Shandong Province, China
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4
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Afify SM, Hassan G, Nawara HM, H Zahra M, Xu Y, Alam MJ, Saitoh K, Mansour H, Abu Quora HA, Sheta M, Monzur S, Du J, Oh SY, Seno A, Salomon DS, Seno M. Optimization of production and characterization of a recombinant soluble human Cripto-1 protein inhibiting self-renewal of cancer stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1183-1196. [PMID: 35578735 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human Cripto-1 is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-Cripto-FRL-1-Cryptic (CFC) family family and performs critical roles in cancer and various pathological and developmental processes. Recently we demonstrated that a soluble form of Cripto-1 suppresses the self-renewal and enhances the differentiation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). A functional form of soluble Cripto-1 was found to be difficult to obtain because of the 12 cysteine residues in the protein which impairs the folding process. Here, we optimized the protocol for a T7 expression system, purification from inclusion bodies under denatured conditions refolding of a His-tagged Cripto-1 protein. A concentrations of 0.2-0.4 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 37°C was found to be the optimal concentration for Cripto-1 expression while imidazole at 0.5 M was the optimum concentration to elute the Cripto-1 protein from a Ni-column in the smallest volume. Cation exchange column chromatography of the Cripto-1 protein in the presence of 8 M urea exhibited sufficient elution profile at pH 5, which was more efficient at recovery. The recovery of the protein reached to more than 26.6% after refolding with arginine. The purified Cripto-1 exhibited high affinity to the anti-ALK-4 antibody and suppressed sphere forming ability of CSCs at high dose and induced cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M Afify
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan.,Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, 32511, Shebin El Kom, Menofiua, Egypt
| | - Ghmkin Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan.,Current address: Department of Genomic Oncology and Oral Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hend M Nawara
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Maram H Zahra
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 7000086, okayama, okayama, Japan
| | - Yanning Xu
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 7000086, okayama, okayama, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koichi Saitoh
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hager Mansour
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hagar A Abu Quora
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mona Sheta
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sadia Monzur
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Juan Du
- Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | | | - Akimasa Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - David S Salomon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 7000086, okayama, okayama, Japan.,Department of Cancer Stem Cell Engineering, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
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5
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Differentiation of cancer stem cells into erythroblasts in the presence of CoCl 2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23977. [PMID: 34907219 PMCID: PMC8671479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations in the malignant tumors that show self-renewal and multilineage differentiation into tumor microenvironment components that drive tumor growth and heterogeneity. In previous studies, our group succeeded in producing a CSC model by treating mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. In the current study, we investigated the potential of CSC differentiation into blood cells under chemical hypoxic conditions using CoCl2. CSCs and miPS-LLCcm cells were cultured for 1 to 7 days in the presence of CoCl2, and the expression of VEGFR1/2, Runx1, c-kit, CD31, CD34, and TER-119 was assessed by RT-qPCR, Western blotting and flow cytometry together with Wright-Giemsa staining and immunocytochemistry. CoCl2 induced significant accumulation of HIF-1α changing the morphology of miPS-LLCcm cells while the morphological change was apparently not related to differentiation. The expression of VEGFR2 and CD31 was suppressed while Runx1 expression was upregulated. The population with hematopoietic markers CD34+ and c-kit+ was immunologically detected in the presence of CoCl2. Additionally, high expression of CD34 and, a marker for erythroblasts, TER-119, was observed. Therefore, CSCs were suggested to differentiate into erythroblasts and erythrocytes under hypoxia. This differentiation potential of CSCs could provide new insight into the tumor microenvironment elucidating tumor heterogenicity.
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Global DNA 5hmC and CK19 5hmC+ Contents: A Promising Biomarker for Predicting Prognosis in Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:3758-3770. [PMID: 34677239 PMCID: PMC8534723 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) with dynamic existence possesses multiple regulatory functions. Whereas, 5hmC’s impact on small hepatocellular carcinoma (SHCC) remains unclear. The present work focused on characterizing 5hmC content within SHCC and assessing the possibility of using global genomic 5hmC level as the predicative factor of clinical outcome. Methods: This study applied ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in measuring 5mC, 5fC and 5hmC contents. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was adopted to measure CK19 and 5hmC contents. Results: Research showed 5mC, 5hmC, and 5fC contents from global genomics of SHCC reduced extensively compared with healthy samples (p < 0.001). Moreover, SHCC was associated with lymph node metastasis (LNM). Greater 5mC and 5hmC levels were observed in non-metastasis group compared with the metastasis group (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis between the HBV DNA level and 5mC, 5fC and 5hmC levels exhibited that HBV DNA was associated with 5mC, 5hmC, and 5fC content reduction, which was verified in the cytological experiments. Moreover, 5hmC content had a negative correlation with the expression level of CK19 in SHCC. The decrease in 5hmC and CK19 containing 5hmC positive cell (called CK195hmC+) should be ascribed to the bad prognosis among SHCC patients. Conclusions: The contents of 5hmC and CK195hmC+ of genomic DNA might be adopted for predicting SHCC survival as an important biomarker.
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Zahra MH, Afify SM, Hassan G, Nawara HM, Kumon K, Seno A, Seno M. Metformin suppresses self-renewal and stemness of cancer stem cell models derived from pluripotent stem cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:896-907. [PMID: 34268768 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metformin exhibits anti-cancer activities in various types of tumours while it is prescribed as the first-line drug for type 2 diabetes. Since new evidence has recently suggested that metformin could target cancer stem cells (CSCs) and prevent their recurrence, repositioning of metformin could be considered as a candidate for anti-CSC agent. In this study, we assessed the effect of metformin on the cancer stem cells developed from induced pluripotent stem cells. As the result, metformin significantly suppressed the self-renewal ability of CSCs when assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and cell counting methods exhibiting the IC50 as approximately 20 mM, which suppressed tube formation by CSCs on Matrigel reducing the angiogenic potential of CSCs. Cell cycle analysis showed that metformin reduced the percentage of cells in the S phase increasing the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase. Moreover, the tumorigenicity of CSCs was found to be attenuated when the cells were injected with metformin. From these results, we concluded that metformin could be promising for targeted therapy by repositioning the widely available drugs with safety. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Metformin could target CSCs and prevent their recurrence, repositioning of metformin could be considered as a candidate for the anti-CSC agent. In this paper, we assessed the effect of metformin on the CSCs developed from induced pluripotent stem cells. Here, we show that metformin suppresses the self-renewal and tube formation abilities of CSCs. We also show that metformin reduces the percentage of cells in the S phase increasing the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase. Moreover, the tumorigenicity of CSCs was found to be attenuated when grafted in vivo after treatment with metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram H Zahra
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Said M Afify
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ghmkin Hassan
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Hend M Nawara
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kumon
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Microvesicles - promising tiny players' of cancer stem cells targeted liver cancer treatments: The interesting interactions and therapeutic aspects. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105609. [PMID: 33852962 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most malignant cancers worldwide with poor prognosis. Intracellular mediators like microvesicles (MVs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered as potential candidates in liver cancer progression. CSCs receive stimuli from the tumor microenvironment to initiate tumor formation in which it's secreted MVs play a noteworthy role. The phenotypic conversion of tumor cells during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step in tumor invasion and metastasis which indicates that the diverse cell populations within the primary tumor are in a dynamic balance and can be regulated by cell to cell communication via secreted microvesicles. Thus, in this review, we aim to highlight the evidences that suggest CSCs are crucial for liver cancer development where the microvesicles plays an important part in the maintenance of its stemness properties. In addition, we summarize the existing evidences that support the concept of microvesicles, the tiny particles have a big role behind the rare immortal CSCs which controls the tumor initiation, propagation and metastasis in liver cancer. Identifying interactions between CSCs and microvesicles may offer new insights into precise anti-cancer therapies in the future.
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Ishii H, Mimura Y, Zahra MH, Katayama S, Hassan G, Afify SM, Seno M. Isolation and characterization of cancer stem cells derived from human glioblastoma. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:441-457. [PMID: 33575080 PMCID: PMC7868757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC) is considered as a cause of cancer recurrence and metastasis. Simultaneously CSCs are responsible for the heterogeneous population in tumor tissues due to their differentiation potential. However, the characterizations of CSCs are still not enough and cancer stem cell lines widely available is desired to be established for the advancement of cancer research. In this study, we tried to isolate and characterize stem like cells from human glioblastoma cell line U-251MG cells. U-251MG P1 cells, which was previously condensed in the presence of hyaluronic acid as CD44 positive population were subjected to single cell isolation procedure. Although 5 clones were isolated, only one clone exhibited high expression of CD44, Nanog, OCT3/4 and SOX2, and named U-251MGSC1. The sphere forming ability of U-251MGSC1 cell was significantly higher than the parental U-251MG cells. Tumorigenicity of U-251MG-SC1 cells were higher than that of U-251MG cells. U-251MGSC1 cells exhibited higher expression of CD44, SOX2, Nestin and A2B5 than U-251MG cells in vitro and in vivo. The expression of GFAP and NF-M was enhanced when the cells were treated with the conditioned medium of U-251MG cells indicating the potential of differentiation. Sphere forming ability was more efficient than that of U-251MG cells and was enhanced in the presence of hyaluronic acid, which enhanced the cell growth as well. U-251MGSC1 cells exhibited rapid growth tumor in nude mice and efficient metastatic ability in transmembrane assay when compared with U-251MG cells. As the result, we concluded U-251MGSC1 cell was a glioblastoma CSC line derived from the parental U-251MG cells. U-251MGSC1 cells will be a good tool to develop effective therapeutic agents against CSCs and to elucidate the properties of glioma derived CSCs and the mechanism of tumor development in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ishii
- GSP Enterprise, Inc.1-4-38 12F Minato-machi, Naniwaku, Osaka 556-0017, Japan
| | - Yuki Mimura
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Maram H Zahra
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shota Katayama
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ghmkin Hassan
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Said M Afify
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia UniversityShebin ElKoum Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
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Abstract
Defined by its potential for self-renewal, differentiation and tumorigenicity, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered responsible for drug resistance and relapse. To understand the behavior of CSC, the effects of the microenvironment in each tissue are a matter of great concerns for scientists in cancer biology. However, there are many complicated obstacles in the mimicking the microenvironment of CSCs even with current advanced technology. In this context, novel biomaterials have widely been assessed as in vitro platforms for their ability to mimic cancer microenvironment. These efforts should be successful to identify and characterize various CSCs specific in each type of cancer. Therefore, extracellular matrix scaffolds made of biomaterial will modulate the interactions and facilitate the investigation of CSC associated with biological phenomena simplifying the complexity of the microenvironment. In this review, we summarize latest advances in biomaterial scaffolds, which are exploited to mimic CSC microenvironment, and their chemical and biological requirements with discussion. The discussion includes the possible effects on both cells in tumors and microenvironment to propose what the critical factors are in controlling the CSC microenvironment focusing the future investigation. Our insights on their availability in drug screening will also follow the discussion.
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Wu S, Tseng IC, Huang WC, Su CW, Lai YH, Lin C, Lee AYL, Kuo CY, Su LY, Lee MC, Hsu TC, Yu CH. Establishment of an Immunocompetent Metastasis Rat Model with Hepatocyte Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123721. [PMID: 33322441 PMCID: PMC7764036 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for the maintenance, metastasis, and relapse of various tumors. The effects of CSCs on the tumorigenesis of HCC are still not fully understood, however. We have recently established two new rat HCC cell lines HTC and TW-1, which we isolated from diethylnitrosamine-induced rat liver cancer. Results showed that TW-1 expressed the genetic markers of CSCs, including CD133, GSTP1, CD44, CD90, and EpCAM. Moreover, TW-1 showed higher tolerance to sorafenib than HTC did. In addition, tumorigenesis and metastasis were observed in nude mice and wild-type rats with TW-1 xenografts. Finally, we combined highly expressed genes in TW-1/HTC with well-known biomarkers from recent HCC studies to predict HCC-related biomarkers and able to identify HCC with AUCs > 0.9 after machine learning. These results indicated that TW-1 was a novel rat CSC line, and the mice or rat models we established with TW-1 has great potential on HCC studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semon Wu
- Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (C.-H.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-2861-0511(ext. 26234) (S.W.); +886-2-66289779 (C.-H.Y.); Fax: +886-2-2862-3724 (S.W.); +886-2-66289009 (C.-H.Y.)
| | - I-Chieh Tseng
- Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- License Biotech, Co., Ltd., Taipei 10690, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (C.-W.S.)
| | - Cheng-Wen Su
- License Biotech, Co., Ltd., Taipei 10690, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (C.-W.S.)
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Che Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Alan Yueh-Luen Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Chan-Yen Kuo
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 23142, Taiwan; (C.-Y.K.); (L.-Y.S.); (M.-C.L.)
| | - Li-Yu Su
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 23142, Taiwan; (C.-Y.K.); (L.-Y.S.); (M.-C.L.)
| | - Ming-Cheng Lee
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 23142, Taiwan; (C.-Y.K.); (L.-Y.S.); (M.-C.L.)
| | - Te-Cheng Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taipei 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Hsien Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 23142, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97071, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (C.-H.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-2861-0511(ext. 26234) (S.W.); +886-2-66289779 (C.-H.Y.); Fax: +886-2-2862-3724 (S.W.); +886-2-66289009 (C.-H.Y.)
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Koklesova L, Liskova A, Samec M, Zhai K, Abotaleb M, Ashrafizadeh M, Brockmueller A, Shakibaei M, Biringer K, Bugos O, Najafi M, Golubnitschaja O, Büsselberg D, Kubatka P. Carotenoids in Cancer Metastasis-Status Quo and Outlook. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1653. [PMID: 33321708 PMCID: PMC7763577 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis represents a major obstacle in cancer treatment and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Therefore, the identification of compounds targeting the multi-step and complex process of metastasis could improve outcomes in the management of cancer patients. Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments with a plethora of biological activities. Carotenoids exert a potent anti-cancer capacity in various cancer models in vitro and in vivo, mediated by the modulation of signaling pathways involved in the migration and invasion of cancer cells and metastatic progression, including key regulators of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and regulatory molecules, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and others. Moreover, carotenoids modulate the expression of genes associated with cancer progression and inflammatory processes as key mediators of the complex process involved in metastasis. Nevertheless, due to the predominantly preclinical nature of the known anti-tumor effects of carotenoids, and unclear results from certain carotenoids in specific cancer types and/or specific parts of the population, a precise analysis of the anti-cancer effects of carotenoids is essential. The identification of carotenoids as effective compounds targeting the complex process of cancer progression could improve the outcomes of advanced cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Koklesova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Marek Samec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Kevin Zhai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar; (K.Z.); (M.A.)
| | - Mariam Abotaleb
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar; (K.Z.); (M.A.)
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Kamil Biringer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | | | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67146, Iran;
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67146, Iran
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive, Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar; (K.Z.); (M.A.)
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
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Metastasis Model of Cancer Stem Cell-Derived Tumors. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3030060. [PMID: 32825540 PMCID: PMC7565080 DOI: 10.3390/mps3030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis includes the dissemination of cancer cells from a malignant tumor and seed in distant sites inside the body forming secondary tumors. Metastatic cells from the primary tumor can move even before the cancer is detected. Therefore, metastases are responsible for more than 90% of cancer-related deaths. Over recent decades there has been adequate evidence suggesting the existence of CSCs with self-renewing and drug-resistant potency within heterogeneous tumors. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) act as a tumor initiating cells and have roles in tumor retrieve and metastasis. Our group recently developed a unique CSC model from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells cultured in the presence of cancer cell-conditioned medium that mimics tumors microenvironment. Using this model, we demonstrated a new method for studying metastasis by intraperitoneal transplantation of tumors and investigate the metastasis ability of cells from these segments. First of all, CSCs were injected subcutaneously in nude mice. The developed malignant tumors were minimized then transplanted into the peritoneal cavity. Following this, the developed tumor in addition to lung, pancreas and liver were then excised and analyzed. Our method showed the metastatic potential of CSCs with the ability of disseminated and moving to blood circulation and seeding in distant organs such as lung and pancreas. This method could provide a good model to study the mechanisms of metastasis according to CSC theory.
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Dzobo K, Senthebane DA, Ganz C, Thomford NE, Wonkam A, Dandara C. Advances in Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells within the Tumor Microenvironment: An Updated Review. Cells 2020; 9:E1896. [PMID: 32823711 PMCID: PMC7464860 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great strides being achieved in improving cancer patients' outcomes through better therapies and combinatorial treatment, several hurdles still remain due to therapy resistance, cancer recurrence and metastasis. Drug resistance culminating in relapse continues to be associated with fatal disease. The cancer stem cell theory posits that tumors are driven by specialized cancer cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a subpopulation of cancer cells known to be resistant to therapy and cause metastasis. Whilst the debate on whether CSCs are the origins of the primary tumor rages on, CSCs have been further characterized in many cancers with data illustrating that CSCs display great abilities to self-renew, resist therapies due to enhanced epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT) properties, enhanced expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane transporters, activation of several survival signaling pathways and increased immune evasion as well as DNA repair mechanisms. CSCs also display great heterogeneity with the consequential lack of specific CSC markers presenting a great challenge to their targeting. In this updated review we revisit CSCs within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and present novel treatment strategies targeting CSCs. These promising strategies include targeting CSCs-specific properties using small molecule inhibitors, immunotherapy, microRNA mediated inhibitors, epigenetic methods as well as targeting CSC niche-microenvironmental factors and differentiation. Lastly, we present recent clinical trials undertaken to try to turn the tide against cancer by targeting CSC-associated drug resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (D.A.S.); (C.G.)
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (D.A.S.); (C.G.)
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Chelene Ganz
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (D.A.S.); (C.G.)
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (N.E.T.); (A.W.); (C.D.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (N.E.T.); (A.W.); (C.D.)
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (N.E.T.); (A.W.); (C.D.)
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Flavonoids in Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061498. [PMID: 32521759 PMCID: PMC7352928 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis represents a serious complication in the treatment of cancer. Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites exerting various health beneficiary effects. The effects of flavonoids against cancer are associated not only with early stages of the cancer process, but also with cancer progression and spread into distant sites. Flavonoids showed potent anti-cancer effects against various cancer models in vitro and in vivo, mediated via regulation of key signaling pathways involved in the migration and invasion of cancer cells and metastatic progression, including key regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition or regulatory molecules such as MMPs, uPA/uPAR, TGF-β and other contributors of the complex process of metastatic spread. Moreover, flavonoids modulated also the expression of genes associated with the progression of cancer and improved inflammatory status, a part of the complex process involved in the development of metastasis. Flavonoids also documented clear potential to improve the anti-cancer effectiveness of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Most importantly, flavonoids represent environmentally-friendly and cost-effective substances; moreover, a wide spectrum of different flavonoids demonstrated safety and minimal side effects during long-termed administration. In addition, the bioavailability of flavonoids can be improved by their conjugation with metal ions or structural modifications by radiation. In conclusion, anti-cancer effects of flavonoids, targeting all phases of carcinogenesis including metastatic progression, should be implemented into clinical cancer research in order to strengthen their potential use in the future targeted prevention and therapy of cancer in high-risk individuals or patients with aggressive cancer disease with metastatic potential.
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Hematopoietic Cells Derived from Cancer Stem Cells Generated from Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010082. [PMID: 31905766 PMCID: PMC7016803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent the subpopulation of cancer cells with the ability to differentiate into other cell phenotypes and initiated tumorigenesis. Previously, we reported generating CSCs from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs). Here, we investigated the ability of the CSCs to differentiate into hematopoietic cells. First, the primary cells were isolated from malignant tumors that were formed by the CSCs. Non-adherent cells (NACs) that arose from adherent cells were collected and their viability, as well as the morphology and expression of hematopoietic cell markers, were analyzed. Moreover, NACs were injected into the tail vein of busulfan conditioned Balb/c nude mice. Finally, CSCs were induced to differentiate to macrophages while using IL3 and SCF. The round nucleated NACs were found to be viable, positive for hematopoietic lineage markers and CD34, and expressed hematopoietic markers, just like homing to the bone marrow. When NACs were injected into mice, Wright–Giemsa staining showed that the number of white blood cells got higher than those in the control mice after four weeks. CSCs also showed the ability to differentiate toward macrophages. CSCs were demonstrated to have the potential to provide progenies with hematopoietic markers, morphology, and homing ability to the bone marrow, which could give new insight into the tumor microenvironment according to the plasticity of CSCs.
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