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Chaudhari AA, Sharma AM, Rastogi L, Dewangan BP, Sharma R, Singh D, Sah RK, Das S, Bhattacharjee S, Mellerowicz EJ, Pawar PAM. Modifying lignin composition and xylan O-acetylation induces changes in cell wall composition, extractability, and digestibility. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:73. [PMID: 38822388 PMCID: PMC11141020 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin and xylan are important determinants of cell wall structure and lignocellulosic biomass digestibility. Genetic manipulations that individually modify either lignin or xylan structure improve polysaccharide digestibility. However, the effects of their simultaneous modifications have not been explored in a similar context. Here, both individual and combinatorial modification in xylan and lignin was studied by analysing the effect on plant cell wall properties, biotic stress responses and integrity sensing. RESULTS Arabidopsis plant co-harbouring mutation in FERULATE 5-HYDROXYLASE (F5H) and overexpressing Aspergillus niger acetyl xylan esterase (35S:AnAXE1) were generated and displayed normal growth attributes with intact xylem architecture. This fah1-2/35S:AnAXE1 cross was named as hyper G lignin and hypoacetylated (HrGHypAc) line. The HrGHypAc plants showed increased crystalline cellulose content with enhanced digestibility after chemical and enzymatic pre-treatment. Moreover, both parents and HrGHypAc without and after pre-treating with glucuronyl esterase and alpha glucuronidase exhibited an increase in xylose release after xylanase digestion as compared to wild type. The de-pectinated fraction in HrGHypAc displayed elevated levels of xylan and cellulose. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis revealed differential expression in cell wall biosynthetic, transcription factors and wall-associated kinases genes implying the role of lignin and xylan modification on cellular regulatory processes. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous modification in xylan and lignin enhances cellulose content with improved saccharification efficiency. These modifications loosen cell wall complexity and hence resulted in enhanced xylose and xylobiose release with or without pretreatment after xylanase digestion in both parent and HrGHypAc. This study also revealed that the disruption of xylan and lignin structure is possible without compromising either growth and development or defense responses against Pseudomonas syringae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Anant Chaudhari
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Anant Mohan Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Lavi Rastogi
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Bhagwat Prasad Dewangan
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Raunak Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Sah
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Shouvik Das
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umea Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Prashant Anupama-Mohan Pawar
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India.
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Wu Z, Gao T, Liang Z, Hao J, Liu P, Liu X. Dynamic Changes in Plant Secondary Metabolites Induced by Botrytis cinerea Infection. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050654. [PMID: 37233695 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to pathogen infection, some plants increase production of secondary metabolites, which not only enhance plant defense but also induce fungicide resistance, especially multidrug resistance (MDR) in the pathogen through preadaptation. To investigate the cause of MDR in Botrytis cinerea, grapes 'Victoria' (susceptible to B. cinerea) and 'Shine Muscat' (resistant to B. cinerea) were inoculated into seedling leaves with B. cinerea, followed by extraction of metabolites from the leaves on days 3, 6, and 9 after inoculation. The extract was analyzed using gas chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass (GC/QTOF) combined with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for volatile and nonvolatile metabolomic components. Nonvolatile metabolites γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resveratrol, piceid, and some carbohydrates or amino acids, coupled with volatile metabolites β-ocimene, α-farnesene, caryophyllene, germacrene D, β-copaene, and alkanes, accumulated at a higher level in grape leaves infected with B. cinerea compared to in noninoculated leaves. Among the established metabolic pathways, seven had greater impacts, including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis. Furthermore, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis; phenylpropanoid biosynthesis; monobactam biosynthesis; tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis; phenylalanine metabolism; and glucosinolate biosynthesis were related to antifungal activities. Based on liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass (LC/QTOF) detection and bioassay, B. cinerea infection induced production of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) including eugenol, flavanone, reserpine, resveratrol, and salicylic acid, which all have inhibitory activity against B. cinerea. These compounds also promoted overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes, which are involved in induction of MDR in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochen Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tuqiang Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengya Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Swaminathan S, Lionetti V, Zabotina OA. Plant Cell Wall Integrity Perturbations and Priming for Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243539. [PMID: 36559656 PMCID: PMC9781063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks of polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth and development in various tissues. The cell wall not only acts as a physical barrier but also dynamically responds to disturbances caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants have well-established surveillance mechanisms to detect any cell wall perturbations. Specific immune signaling pathways are triggered to contrast biotic or abiotic forces, including cascades dedicated to reinforcing the cell wall structure. This review summarizes the recent developments in molecular mechanisms underlying maintenance of cell wall integrity in plant-pathogen and parasitic interactions. Subjects such as the effect of altered expression of endogenous plant cell-wall-related genes or apoplastic expression of microbial cell-wall-modifying enzymes on cell wall integrity are covered. Targeted genetic modifications as a tool to study the potential of cell wall elicitors, priming of signaling pathways, and the outcome of disease resistance phenotypes are also discussed. The prime importance of understanding the intricate details and complete picture of plant immunity emerges, ultimately to engineer new strategies to improve crop productivity and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Swaminathan
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga A. Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence:
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Dora S, Terrett OM, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Plant-microbe interactions in the apoplast: Communication at the plant cell wall. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1532-1550. [PMID: 35157079 PMCID: PMC9048882 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes. The plant cell wall occupies most of the apoplast and is composed of polysaccharides and associated proteins and ions. This dynamic part of the cell constitutes an essential physical barrier and a source of nutrients for the microbe. At the same time, the plant cell wall serves important functions in the interkingdom detection, recognition, and response to other organisms. Thus, both plant and microbe modify the plant cell wall and its environment in versatile ways to benefit from the interaction. We discuss here crucial processes occurring at the plant cell wall during the contact and communication between microbe and plant. Finally, we argue that these local and dynamic changes need to be considered to fully understand plant-microbe interactions.
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