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Zeng JP, Zhang J, Hong JH, Zhao YF, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Huang XH, Xie FZ. Predicting the occurrence of antagonism within ternary guanidine mixture pollutants based on the concentration ratio of components. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169380. [PMID: 38123081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The widespread prevalence and coexistence of diverse guanidine compounds pose substantial risks of potential toxicity interactions, synergism or antagonism, to environmental organisms. This complexity presents a formidable challenge in assessing the risks associated with various pollutants. Hence, a method that is both accurate and universally applicable for predicting toxicity interactions within mixtures is crucial, given the unimaginable diversity of potential combinations. A toxicity interaction prediction method (TIPM) developed in our past research was employed to predict the toxicity interaction, within guanidine compound mixtures. Here, antagonism were found in the mixtures of three guanidine compounds including chlorhexidine (CHL), metformin (MET), and chlorhexidine digluconate (CDE) by selecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the test organism. The antagonism in the mixture was probably due to the competitive binding of all three guanidine compounds to the anionic phosphates of E. coli cell membranes, which eventually lead to cell membrane rupture. Then, a good correlation between toxicity interactions (antagonisms) and components' concentration ratios (pis) within binary mixtures (CHL-MET, CHL-CDE, MET-CDE) was established. Based on the correlation, the TIPM was constructed and accurately predicted the antagonism in the CHL-MET-CDE ternary mixture, which once again proved the accuracy and applicability of the TIPM method. Therefore, TIPM can be suggested to identify or screen rapidly the toxicity interaction within ternary mixtures exerting potentially adverse effects on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Jun-Hua Hong
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yuan-Fan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Xian-Huai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Fa-Zhi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
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Biocides with Controlled Degradation for Environmentally Friendly and Cost-Effective Fecal Sludge Management. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010045. [PMID: 36671737 PMCID: PMC9855048 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) and polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) exhibit high antimicrobial activity and are widely used as biocidal agents in chemical toilet additives for the management of fecal sludge (FS). Disposal of such biocide-treated FS to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a major environmental problem. It is possible to reduce environmental damage through the use of biocidal agents, which easily decompose after performing their main biocidal functions. In this work, it is proposed to use the fact of a gradual increase in pH of FS from the initial 7.5 to 9.0-10.0 due to the decomposition of urea. Six biocidal compounds were selected that are capable of rapidly degrading in an alkaline environment and one that naturally degrades upon prolonged incubation. Four of them: bronopol (30 mg/L), DBNPA (500 mg/L), Sharomix (500 mg/L), and sodium percarbonate (6000 mg/L) have shown promise for environmentally friendly management of FS. In selected dosage, they successfully reduced microbial activity under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and are cost-effective. After 10 days of incubation, degradation of the biocide occurred as measured by biological oxygen demand (BOD5) in biocide-treated FS. Such FS can be discharged to WWTP without severe damage to the activated sludge process, the need for dilution and additional procedures to neutralize toxicity.
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