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Li XT, Qian XJ, Chen H, Wang XD, Wu X. Anti-aging effect of glycerophosphocholine in Steinernema kraussei 0657L. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1346579. [PMID: 38660535 PMCID: PMC11040081 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1346579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) is a water-soluble small molecule found naturally in humans and foods such as milk and soybeans. It can activate the IIS pathway by regulating the expression of daf-2, ins-18 and daf-16 genes, sek-1 and skn-1 genes of MAPK pathway, sod-3, ctl-1, gst-4 and other antioxidant genes. GPC can relieve symptoms related to aging in organisms. The aim of this study was to probe the effects of GPC on the longevity and stress resistance of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema kraussei 0657L strain. The results showed that the lifespan of S. kraussei 0657L was significantly prolonged by 50 mM GPC treatment, which was 54.55% longer than that of the control (0 mM GPC). GPC significantly inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipofuscin accumulation, but the body size and fecundity of S. kraussei 0657L had little changed. At the same time, the longevity of S. kraussei 0657L exposed to heat shock and UV-B radiation was significantly prolonged than that with no external stress. GPC supplementation increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and corresponding gene expression. Under treatment with 50 mM GPC, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased by 1.90- and 4.13-fold, respectively, the expression of the sod-3 and ctl-1 genes was increased by 3.60- and 0.60-fold, respectively, and harmful reactive oxygen species were removed. In addition, the expression levels of the ins-18, skn-1, sek-1 and gst-4 genes related to the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway were upregulated 1.04-, 1.84-, 2.21- and 1.24-fold, respectively. These results indicate that GPC is mainly involved in the lifespan regulation of S. kraussei 0657L and plays an important role in resistance to external stress by activating the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and downstream PI3K/MAPK kinase, creating a new idea for improving the commercial efficacy of S. kraussei. It also laid a theoretical foundation for its further efficient development and utilization in the field of biological control.
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Lillis PE, Kennedy IP, Carolan JC, Griffin CT. Low-temperature exposure has immediate and lasting effects on the stress tolerance, chemotaxis and proteome of entomopathogenic nematodes. Parasitology 2022; 150:1-14. [PMID: 36328953 PMCID: PMC10090647 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting soil organisms, including the infective stages of parasites and entomopathogenic nematodes, which are important biological control agents. We investigated the response of 2 species of entomopathogenic nematodes to different storage regimes: cold (9°C), culture temperature (20°C) and temperature swapped from 9 to 20°C. For Steinernema carpocapsae, cold storage had profound effects on chemotaxis, stress tolerance and protein expression that were retained in temperature-swapped individuals. These effects included reversal of chemotactic response for 3 (prenol, methyl salicylate and hexanol) of the 4 chemicals tested, and enhanced tolerance to freezing (−10°C) and desiccation (75% RH). Label-free quantitative proteomics showed that cold storage induced widespread changes in S. carpocapsae, including an increase in heat-shock proteins and late embryogenesis abundant proteins. For Heterorhabditis megidis, cold storage had a less dramatic effect on chemotaxis (as previously shown for proteomic expression) and changes were not maintained on return to 20°C. Thus, cold temperature exposure has significant effects on entomopathogenic nematodes, but the nature of the change depends on the species. Steinernema carpocapsae, in particular, displays significant plasticity, and its behaviour and stress tolerance may be manipulated by brief exposure to low temperatures, with implications for its use as a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Lillis
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ian P. Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - James C. Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
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Zhang X, Li L, Kesner L, Robert CAM. Chemical host-seeking cues of entomopathogenic nematodes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:72-81. [PMID: 33866041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are obligate parasites that infect a broad range of insect species. Host-seeking is a crucial step for EPN infection success and survival. Yet, the identity and ecological functions of chemicals involved in host-seeking by EPNs remain overlooked. In this review, we report known CO2, plant-derived and insect-derived cues shaping EPN host-seeking and recognition. Despite species-specific response to environmental cues, we highlight a hierarchical integration of chemicals by EPNs. We further emphasize the impact of EPN selection pressure, age, and experience on their responsiveness to infochemicals. Finally, we feature that EPN chemical ecology can translate into powerful sustainable strategies to control insect herbivores in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Lucie Kesner
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Erdogan H, Stevens G, Stevens A, Shapiro-Ilan D, Kaplan F, Alborn H, Lewis E. Infected host responses across entomopathogenic nematode phylogeny. J Nematol 2021; 53:e2021-105. [PMID: 34957409 PMCID: PMC8672421 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a phylogenetic framework to examine the relationship between entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) vertical dispersal and infectivity when EPNs are exposed to a mixture of compounds found in late-stage EPN-infected insect cadavers. EPNs from five phylogenetically close and distant species (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. georgiana, H. megidis, H. indica and Steinernema feltiae) were exposed to cadaver macerate produced by their own species’ infection and by H. bacteriophora infected hosts. We found that only three of the five species (H. bacteriophora, H. indica and S. feltiae) responded to exposure to their own macerate by increasing rates of dispersal. When we exposed all five species to a H. bacteriophora infected host macerate, we found that only H. bacteriophora responded by increasing dispersal, and that the most distantly related species (S. feltiae) essentially halted dispersal. These findings suggest that (1) responses to cadaver macerate vary, and (2) there may be a relationship between inherent dispersal rates and sensitivity to macerate exposure, as the most rapidly dispersing species (H. megidis) showed no response to macerate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Erdogan
- University of Idaho, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, Moscow, ID, 83844
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, 16059, Turkey
| | - Glen Stevens
- University of Idaho, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, Moscow, ID, 83844
| | - Asa Stevens
- University of Idaho, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, Moscow, ID, 83844
| | - David Shapiro-Ilan
- USDA-ARS, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA, 31008
| | | | - Hans Alborn
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL
| | - Edwin Lewis
- University of Idaho, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, Moscow, ID, 83844
- *E-mail:
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Baiocchi T, Anesko K, Mercado N, Park H, Kin K, Strickhouser-Monzon B, Robles P, Bowman C, Wang H, Sternberg PW, Dillman AR. Signaling by AWC Olfactory Neurons Is Necessary for Caenorhabditis elegans' Response to Prenol, an Odor Associated with Nematode-Infected Insects. Genetics 2020; 216:145-157. [PMID: 32680884 PMCID: PMC7463287 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensation plays a role in the behaviors and life cycles of numerous organisms, including nematodes. Many guilds of nematodes exist, ranging from the free-living Caenorhabditis elegans to various parasitic species such as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), which are parasites of insects. Despite ecological differences, previous research has shown that both EPNs and C. elegans respond to prenol (3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol), an odor associated with EPN infections. However, it is unclear how C. elegans responds to prenol. By utilizing natural variation and genetic neuron ablation to investigate the response of C. elegans to prenol, we found that the AWC neurons are involved in the detection of prenol and that several genes (including dcap-1, dcap-2, and clec-39) influence response to this odorant. Furthermore, we identified that the response to prenol is mediated by the canonically proposed pathway required for other AWC-sensed attractants. However, upon testing genetically diverse isolates, we found that the response of some strains to prenol differed from their response to isoamyl alcohol, suggesting that the pathways mediating response to these two odorants may be genetically distinct. Further, evaluations leveraging natural variation and genome wide association revealed specific genes that influence nematode behavior and provide a foundation for future studies to better understand the role of prenol in nematode behavioral ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Baiocchi
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Kyle Anesko
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Nathan Mercado
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Heenam Park
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Kassandra Kin
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | | | - Priscila Robles
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Christian Bowman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Han Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Adler R Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Baiocchi T, Li C, Dillman AR. EPNs Exhibit Repulsion to Prenol in Pluronic Gel Assays. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080457. [PMID: 32707750 PMCID: PMC7468948 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are lethal parasites of insects that have become valuable in biological control and as a model system for studying host-parasite interactions, behavioral ecology, neurobiology, and genomics, among other fields. Their ability to locate hosts is paramount to successful infection and host seeking has been extensively studied in many species in the lab. Here, we explored the usefulness of pluronic gel as a medium to assess EPN host seeking in the lab by characterizing the response of Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. riobrave, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and H. indica to the odor prenol. We found that the infective juveniles (IJs) of these species were repelled by prenol in pluronic gel. We then evaluated how storing the IJs of S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and S. glaseri for different amounts of time affected their behavioral responses to prenol. The response of S. carpocapsae was significantly affected by the storage time, while the responses of S. feltiae and S. glaseri were unaffected. Our data support the notion that pluronic gel is a useful medium for studying EPN behavior and that the response of S. carpocapsae to informative odors is significantly affected by long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Baiocchi
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
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Conspecific and heterospecific pheromones stimulate dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes during quiescence. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5738. [PMID: 32235877 PMCID: PMC7109026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascaroside pheromones stimulate dispersal, a key nematode behavior to find a new food source. Ascarosides produced by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) drive infective juvenile (IJ) emergence from consumed cadavers and dispersal in soil. Without ascarosides from host cadavers, Steinernema feltiae (EPN) reduce dispersal substantially. To determine whether other Steinernema spp. exhibit the same behavior, we compared S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae IJs without host cadaver pheromones. Unlike S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae IJs continued to disperse. However, S. carpocapsae IJs exhibited a temperature-dependent quiescent period. The IJ quiescent period increased at ≤20 °C but did not appear at ≥25 °C. Consistent with this, S. carpocapsae IJ quiescence increased from 30 min to 24 h at ≤20 °C over 60 days. The quiescent period was overcome by dispersal pheromone extracts of their own, other Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. Furthermore, S. carpocapsae IJ ambush foraging associated behaviors (tail standing, waving, and jumping) were unaffected by the absence or presence of host cadaver pheromones. For S. feltiae, IJ dispersal declined at all temperatures tested. Understanding the interaction between foraging strategies and pheromone signals will help uncover molecular mechanisms of host seeking, pathogenicity and practical applications to improve the EPN’s efficacy as biocontrol agents.
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Zhang K, Baiocchi T, Lu D, Chang DZ, Dillman AR. Differentiating between scavengers and entomopathogenic nematodes: Which is Oscheius chongmingensis? J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 167:107245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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