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Ojha MD, Yadav A, Kongkham B, Prabhakaran D, Gholap S, Kumar V, Inampudi KK, Hariprasad P. Polyphasic approaches to identify and understand α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of secondary metabolites of Withania coagulans fruit. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135718. [PMID: 39293614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Withania coagulans (WC) is used in traditional and Ayurveda medicine to treat various ailments, including diabetes. Our investigation found that WC fruit hexane extract effectively suppresses α-glucosidase activity (IC50 = 0.013 mg/ml, Ki = 0.012 mg/ml). The purified molecule has an IC50 of 0.004 mg/ml and Ki of 0.0037 mg/ml. FTIR examination indicates distinctive peaks at 3500, 2900, 1770, and 1500 cm-1 corresponding to functional groups OH bending, CH stretching, CO stretching, and CO stretching. GCMS analysis reveals plant secondary metabolites (PSM) such as n-hexadecenoic acid and methyl 9,10-octadecadienoate. NMR confirms the existence of olefinic fatty acids. The bioactive fraction recorded a non-competitive mode of inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. The cytotoxicity exhibited against HELA cell was IC50 0.4 mg/ml and found positive in inhibiting the growth of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, ensemble docking and molecular dynamic simulation showed that, out of the four PSMs examined, methyl 12,13-tetradecadienoate interacted with the α-glucosidase enzyme's allosteric site (BE -128.78 kJ/mol) and changed the configurations of the catalytic sites, as demonstrated by the enzyme's decreased affinity for isomaltose. The study found that PSMs from WC fruit may inhibit α-glucosidase, making them viable candidates for antidiabetic medication development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monu Dinesh Ojha
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ajay Yadav
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Bhani Kongkham
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Duraivadivel Prabhakaran
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shivajirao Gholap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All Indian Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Krishna K Inampudi
- Department of Biophysics, All Indian Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - P Hariprasad
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Ramadaini T, Sumiwi SA, Febrina E. The Anti-Diabetic Effects of Medicinal Plants Belonging to the Liliaceae Family: Potential Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:3595-3616. [PMID: 39156483 PMCID: PMC11330250 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s464100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder that has an enormous impact on people's quality of life and health. Although there is no doubt about the effectiveness of oral hypoglycemic agents combined with lifestyle management in controlling diabetes, no individual has ever been reported to have been completely cured of the disease. Globally, many medicinal plants have been used for the management of diabetes in various traditional systems of medicine. A deep look in the literature has revealed that the Liliaceae family have been poorly investigated for their antidiabetic activity and phytochemical studies. In this review, we summarize medicinal plants of Liliaceae utilized in the management of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme and phytochemical content. Methods The literature search was conducted using databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to find the significant published articles about Liliaceae plants utilized in the prevention and treatment of antidiabetics. Data were filtered to the publication period from 2013 to 2023, free full text and only English articles were included. The keywords were Liliaceae OR Alliaceae OR Amaryllidaceae AND Antidiabetic OR α-glucosidase. Results Six medicinal plants such as Allium ascalonicum, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Aloe ferox, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, and Eremurus himalaicus are summarized. Phytochemical and α-glucosidase enzymes inhibition by in vitro, in vivo, and human studies are reported. Conclusion Plants of Liliaceae are potential as medicine herbs to regulating PPHG and prevent the progression of T2DM and its complication. In silico study, clinical application, and toxicity evaluation are needed to be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara Ramadaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Sri Adi Sumiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Ellin Febrina
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Indonesia
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Rajkumari N, Chowrasia S, Nishad J, Ganie SA, Mondal TK. Metabolomics-mediated elucidation of rice responses to salt stress. PLANTA 2023; 258:111. [PMID: 37919614 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Role of salinity responsive metabolites of rice and its wild species has been discussed. Salinity stress is one of the important environmental stresses that severely affects rice productivity. Although, several vital physio-biochemical and molecular responses have been activated in rice under salinity stress which were well described in literatures, the mechanistic role of salt stress and microbes-induced metabolites to overcome salt stress in rice are less studied. Nevertheless, over the years, metabolomic studies have allowed a comprehensive analyses of rice salt stress responses. Hence, we review the salt stress-triggered alterations of various metabolites in rice and discuss their significant roles toward salinity tolerance. Some of the metabolites such as serotonin, salicylic acid, ferulic acid and gentisic acid may act as signaling molecules to activate different downstream salt-tolerance mechanisms; whereas, the other compounds such as amino acids, sugars and organic acids directly act as protective agents to maintain osmotic balance and scavenger of reactive oxygen species during the salinity stress. The quantity, type, tissues specificity and time of accumulation of metabolites induced by salinity stress vary between salt-sensitive and tolerant rice genotypes and thus, contribute to their different degrees of salt tolerance. Moreover, few tolerance metabolites such as allantoin, serotonin and melatonin induce unique pathways for activation of defence mechanisms in salt-tolerant varieties of rice, suggesting their potential roles as the universal biomarkers for salt tolerance. Therefore, these metabolites can be applied exogenously to the sensitive genotypes of rice to enhance their performance under salt stress. Furthermore, the microbes of rhizosphere also participated in rice salt tolerance either directly or indirectly by regulating their metabolic pathways. Thus, this review for the first time offers valuable and comprehensive insights into salt-induced spatio-temporal and genotype-specific metabolites in different genotypes of rice which provide a reference point to analyze stress-gene-metabolite relationships for the biomarker designing in rice. Further, it can also help to decipher several metabolic systems associated with salt tolerance in rice which will be useful in developing salt-tolerance cultivars by conventional breeding/genetic engineering/exogenous application of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitasana Rajkumari
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, New Delhi, 110012, India
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Soni Chowrasia
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banastahli Vidyapith, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Jyoti Nishad
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Plant Molecular Sciences and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Tapan Kumar Mondal
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Tauchen J, Frankova A, Manourova A, Valterova I, Lojka B, Leuner O. Garcinia kola: a critical review on chemistry and pharmacology of an important West African medicinal plant. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2023:1-47. [PMID: 37359709 PMCID: PMC10205037 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-023-09869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) is a tree indigenous to West and Central Africa. All plant parts, but especially the seeds, are of value in local folklore medicine. Garcinia kola is used in treatment of numerous diseases, including gastric disorders, bronchial diseases, fever, malaria and is used to induce a stimulating and aphrodisiac effect. The plant is now attracting considerable interest as a possible source of pharmaceutically important drugs. Several different classes of compounds such as biflavonoids, benzophenones, benzofurans, benzopyran, vitamin E derivatives, xanthones, and phytosterols, have been isolated from G. kola, of which many appears to be found only in this species, such as garcinianin (found in seeds and roots), kolanone (fruit pulp, seeds, roots), gakolanone (stem bark), garcinoic acid, garcinal (both in seeds), garcifuran A and B, and garcipyran (all in roots). They showed a wide range of pharmacological activities (e.g. analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects), though this has only been confirmed in animal models. Kolaviron is the most studied compound and is perceived by many studies as the active principle of G. kola. However, its research is associated with significant flaws (e.g. too high doses tested, inappropriate positive control). Garcinol has been tested under better conditions and is perhaps showing more promising results and should attract deeper research interest (especially in the area of anticancer, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activity). Human clinical trials and mechanism-of-action studies must be carried out to verify whether any of the compounds present in G. kola may be used as a lead in the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tauchen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Frankova
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Manourova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Valterova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Lojka
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Leuner
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Aguila-Muñoz DG, Vázquez-Lira G, Sarmiento-Tlale E, Cruz-López MC, Jiménez-Montejo FE, López Y López VE, Escalante CH, Andrade-Pavón D, Gómez-García O, Tamariz J, Mendieta-Moctezuma A. Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of Alkoxy- and Imidazole-Substituted Xanthones as α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104180. [PMID: 37241920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Current antidiabetic drugs have severe side effects, which may be minimized by new selective molecules that strongly inhibit α-glucosidase and weakly inhibit α-amylase. We have synthesized novel alkoxy-substituted xanthones and imidazole-substituted xanthones and have evaluated them for their in silico and in vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activity. Compounds 6c, 6e, and 9b promoted higher α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 16.0, 12.8, and 4.0 µM, respectively) and lower α-amylase inhibition (IC50 = 76.7, 68.1, and >200 µM, respectively) compared to acarbose (IC50 = 306.7 µM for α-glucosidase and 20.0 µM for α-amylase). Contrarily, derivatives 10c and 10f showed higher α-amylase inhibition (IC50 = 5.4 and 8.7 µM, respectively) and lower α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 232.7 and 145.2 µM, respectively). According to the structure-activity relationship, attaching 4-bromobutoxy or 4'-chlorophenylacetophenone moieties to the 2-hydroxy group of xanthone provides higher α-glucosidase inhibition and lower α-amylase inhibition. In silico studies suggest that these scaffolds are key in the activity and interaction of xanthone derivatives. Enzymatic kinetics studies showed that 6c, 9b, and 10c are mainly mixed inhibitors on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. In addition, drug prediction and ADMET studies support that compounds 6c, 9b, and 10c are candidates with antidiabetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores G Aguila-Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomax-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala 90700, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Vázquez-Lira
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomax-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala 90700, Mexico
| | - Erika Sarmiento-Tlale
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomax-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala 90700, Mexico
| | - María C Cruz-López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomax-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala 90700, Mexico
| | - Fabiola E Jiménez-Montejo
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomax-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala 90700, Mexico
| | - Víctor E López Y López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomax-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala 90700, Mexico
| | - Carlos H Escalante
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Dulce Andrade-Pavón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Omar Gómez-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Tamariz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Aarón Mendieta-Moctezuma
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomax-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala 90700, Mexico
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Metabolomics-Based Profiling via a Chemometric Approach to Investigate the Antidiabetic Property of Different Parts and Origins of Pistacia lentiscus L. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020275. [PMID: 36837894 PMCID: PMC9960292 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pistacia lentiscus L. is a medicinal plant that grows spontaneously throughout the Mediterranean basin and is traditionally used to treat diseases, including diabetes. The aim of this work consists of the evaluation of the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect (i.e., antidiabetic activity in vitro) of different extracts from the leaves, stem barks and fruits of P. lentiscus harvested on mountains and the littoral of Tizi-Ouzou in Algeria. Metabolomic profiling combined with a chemometric approach highlighted the variation of the antidiabetic properties of P. lentiscus according to the plant's part and origin. A multiblock OPLS analysis showed that the metabolites most involved in α-glucosidase inhibition activity were mainly found in the stem bark extracts. The highest inhibitory activity was found for the stem bark extracts, with averaged inhibition percentage values of 84.7% and 69.9% for the harvested samples from the littoral and mountain, respectively. On the other hand, the fruit extracts showed a lower effect (13.6%) at both locations. The UHPLC-ESI-HRMS characterization of the metabolites most likely responsible for the α-glucosidase-inhibitory activity allowed the identification of six compounds: epigallocatechin(4a>8)epigallocatechin (two isomers), (epi)gallocatechin-3'-O-galloyl-(epi)gallocatechin (two isomers), 3,5-O-digalloylquinic acid and dihydroxy benzoic acid pentoside.
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In Vitro, In Silico and Network Pharmacology Mechanistic Approach to Investigate the α-Glucosidase Inhibitors Identified by Q-ToF-LCMS from Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Subcritical CO 2 Extract. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121267. [PMID: 36557305 PMCID: PMC9783102 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit of Phaleria macrocarpa have been traditionally used as an antidiabetic remedy in Malaysia and neighbouring countries. Despite its potential for diabetes treatment, no scientific study has ever been conducted to predict the inhibitor interaction of the protein α-glucosidase identified in an extract prepared with a non-conventional extraction technique. Hence, the major aim of this research was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, the α-glucosidase inhibitors, and the molecular dynamic simulations of the α-glucosidase inhibitors identified by Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Q-ToF-LCMS) analysis. Initially, dry fruit were processed using non-conventional and conventional extraction methods to obtain subcritical carbon dioxide extracts (SCE-1 and SCE-2) and heating under reflux extract (HRE), respectively. Subsequently, all extracts were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidative and α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials. Subsequently, the most bioactive extract (SCE-2) was subjected to Q-ToF-LCMS analysis to confirm the presence of α-glucosidase inhibitors, which were then analysed through molecular dynamic simulations and network pharmacology approaches to confirm their possible mechanism of action. The highest inhibitory effects of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and α-glucosidase on SCE-2 was found as 75.36 ± 0.82% and 81.79 ± 0.82%, respectively, compared to the SCE-1 and HRE samples. The Q-ToF-LCMS analysis tentatively identified 14 potent α-glucosidase inhibitors. Finally, five identified compounds, viz., lupenone, swertianolin, m-coumaric acid, pantothenic acid, and 8-C-glucopyranosyleriodictylol displayed significant stability, compactness, stronger protein-ligand interaction up to 100 ns further confirming their potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Consequently, it was concluded that the SCE-2 possesses a strong α-glucosidase inhibitory effect due to the presence of these compounds. The findings of this study might prove useful to develop these compounds as alternative safe α-glucosidase inhibitors to manage diabetes more effectively.
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Rakotondrabe TF, Fan M, Guo M. Exploring potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory flavonoids from Euphorbia humifusa with an integrated strategy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:980945. [PMID: 36105200 PMCID: PMC9465062 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.980945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
E. humifusa Willd, a monoecious annual plant, native to Eastern Asia, has been traditionally attributed to the treatment and prevention of miscellaneous diseases, including diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Earlier studies have supported this species’ pharmacological efficacies including its antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Even so, the underlying bioactive components with their mechanisms of action associated with its antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects remain elusive. The preamble in vitro assessments of the crude extract and its different fractions revealed that the n-butanol fraction (EHNB) exhibited the best activity, which was subsequently subjected to a rapid screening of candidate ligands through bio-affinity ultrafiltration with the two enzyme targets: α-glucosidase (α-Glu) and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) combined with UPLC/QTOF-MS. As a result, 7 compounds were identified from EHNB, among them, vitexin and astragalin were screened out as the most active ligand compounds. Vitexin showed great specific binding (SB) affinity values of 1.26 toward α-Glu and 1.32 toward COX-2, while astragalin showed 1.32 and 1.36, respectively. The docking simulation results exhibited strong interactions of vitexin and astragalin with the key residues of the enzyme targets, suggesting their possible mechanisms of action. The in vitro antidiabetic validation revealed noticeable half-maximal inhibitory effects (IC50) of 36.38 ± 3.06 µM for vitexin and 42.47 ± 4.13 µM for astragalin, much better than that of the positive drug acarbose (109.54 ± 14.23 µM). Similarly, these two compounds showed the inhibitory activity against COX-2 with the half-maximal inhibitory effects (IC50) at 27.91 ± 1.74 µM and 49.05 ± 1.49 µM, respectively. Therefore, these two flavonoid compounds (vitexin and astragalin) were speculated as potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory compounds from E. humifusa. Taken together, the integrated strategy applied to E. humifusa led to the fast identification of two potential double-acting flavonoids and enlightened its antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory uses. Besides these findings, the integrated strategy in this study could also be used to facilitate the rapid discovery and development of active candidates from other traditional herbal medicines against multi-drug targets and to aid in revealing their mechanisms of action for their traditional uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tojofaniry Fabien Rakotondrabe
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Minxia Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingquan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mingquan Guo,
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In Vitro and In Vivo Antidiabetic Activity, Phenolic Content and Microscopical Characterization of Terfezia claveryi. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154843. [PMID: 35956793 PMCID: PMC9369677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Terfezia claveryi (T. claveryi) is used by traditional healers in the Middle East region to treat several diseases, including diabetes. The present study evaluated the total phenolic and investigated the blood-glucose-lowering potential of different aqueous extracts of this selected truffle using in vitro and in vivo models. The phytochemical profile was examined using UPLC-MS. The macerate and the microwave-assisted extract were the richest in phenolic compounds. All T. claveryi extracts exhibited a remarkable α-glucosidase inhibitory effect in vitro, with an IC50 of 2.43, 3.26, 5.18 and 3.31 mg/mL for the aqueous microwave-assisted extract macerate, infusion and decoction, respectively. On the other hand, in the high-fat diet alloxan-induced diabetic mice model, all tested crude aqueous extracts exhibited a significant antihyperglycemic activity (p < 0.05). Four hours after the administration of the 250 mg/kg dose, the macerate was able to induce a 29.4% blood-glucose-lowering effect compared to a 24.8% reduction induced by the infusion, which was sustained for a further two hours. The hypoglycemic effect (29.3% and 32.4%) was also recorded six hours after the administration of the single dose 500 mg/kg of the macerate and the infusion, respectively. Truffle extracts exhibited antidiabetic activity both in vitro and in vivo, providing a rationale for the traditional use as a natural hypoglycemic.
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Han L, Song J, Yan C, Wang C, Wang L, Li W, Du Y, Li Q, Liang T. Inhibitory activity and mechanism of calycosin and calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside on α-glucosidase: Spectroscopic and molecular docking analyses. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Atanu FO, Ikeojukwu A, Owolabi PA, Avwioroko OJ. Evaluation of chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of solvent extracts of Irvingia gabonensis leaves. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09922. [PMID: 35847614 PMCID: PMC9283886 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Irvingia gabonensis commonly referred to as wild mango or ogbono is a tropical plant with both nutritional and medicinal uses. The present study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant activity, and inhibitory activity of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes related to diabetes by different extracts of the plant. From the results of the study, Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was highest in the aqueous and ethanol extracts (367.30 ± 00 mg/100g GAE) compared to the chloroform and n-hexane extracts whereas the Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) was highest (230.69 ± 0.18 mg/100g QE) in the ethanol extract. Analysis of the in vitro antioxidant activity showed that the ethanol extract also possessed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (IC50: 21.42 ± 0.05 μg/ml) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (81.43 ± 0.11%) compared to other solvent extracts. The aqueous extract had the highest (23.91 ± 0.04 mM Fe++ equivalent) ferric antioxidant reducing power (FRAP). However, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was significantly lower than that of the reference compounds used for the study (butylated hydroxytoluene and Gallic acid). In vitro antidiabetic activity of the extracts was measured based on inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The aqueous extract had the highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity followed by the ethanol extract compared to the chloroform and n-hexane extracts. The inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract against both enzymes was higher compared to the reference compound Acarbose. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of chemical constituents including fatty acids, vitamin, phytosterols, aromatic compounds, glycosides. The interaction of these compounds with α-amylase and α-glucosidase was evaluated in silico by molecular docking. Phytosterols namely, campesterol, stimasterol and γ-sitosterol had the best binding affinities to α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In conclusion, the results of this study revealed that the aqueous and ethanol extracts of Irvingia gabonensis had the highest phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and in vitro antidiabetic activity. These results offer a scientific explanation for the mode of preparation and traditional use of the plant in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis O Atanu
- Department of Biochemistry, Kogi State University, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Arinzechukwu Ikeojukwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Peter A Owolabi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Oghenetega J Avwioroko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
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12
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Synthesis of alkoxy-isoflavones as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Swargiary A, Roy MK, Mahmud S. Phenolic compounds as α-glucosidase inhibitors: a docking and molecular dynamics simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:3862-3871. [PMID: 35362358 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2058092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds possess significant biological activity. Several pieces of research emphasize the medicinal importance of phenolic compounds, including diabetes. The present study investigated the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of phenolic compounds reported from several plants. The phenolic compounds reported in different literature were collected. Molecular docking was carried out using AutoDock Vina. Various physicochemical properties such as size, LogP, molecular complexity, hydrogen bonding properties of phenolic compounds were correlated with the binding affinities. Furthermore, MD simulation was carried out to study the structural stability of the docking complexes. A total of 155 phenolic compounds were reported from different plants. Amentoflavone showed the strongest binding affinity with α-glucosidase, much more potent than reference acarbose. The binding energy showed a good correlation with the molecular complexity, hydrogen bond donor and acceptor property and heavy atom counts of the compounds. The polarity of the surface area also showed a positive correlation with the binding affinity of the compounds. The best docking phenolic compound, amentoflavone, showed stable binding affinity and conformation during the simulation period compared to apoprotein and acarbose-docking complex. The top ten phenolic compounds, including amentoflavone, showed considerable drug-likeness properties with fewer toxicity effects. The study suggests that the amentoflavone could be a potential therapeutic drug as an α-glucosidase inhibitor and help control postprandial hyperglycemia.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananta Swargiary
- Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, India
| | - Mritunjoy Kumar Roy
- Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, India
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Microbiology Laboratory, Bioinformatics Division, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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14
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Hong DF, Hu GL, Peng XR, Wang XY, Wang YB, Al-Romaima A, Li ZR, Qiu MH. Unusual ent-Kaurane Diterpenes from the Coffea Cultivar S288 Coffee Beans and Molecular Docking to α-Glucosidase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:615-625. [PMID: 35005957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A total of 11 new (1-11) and 2 known (12 and 13) ent-kaurane diterpene derivatives were identified from the roasted beans of Coffea cultivar S288. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (heteronuclear single-quantum correlation, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation, correlation spectroscopy, and rotating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and X-ray analyses. Cafespirone acid A (1) represents the first example of diterpene featuring a spirocyclic skeleton constructed from a 6/6/5 tricyclic system. Cafeane acid A (2) possesses a 6/6/6/5 tetracyclic system as a result of the C/D ring rearrangement. Furthermore, compounds 1-12 were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results showed that compounds 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 11 had a moderate inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, and half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of compounds 4, 6, 7, and 10 were 18.76 ± 1.46, 4.88 ± 0.03, 12.35 ± 0.91, and 12.64 ± 0.59 μM, respectively, compared to the positive control acarbose (60.71 ± 16.45 μM). Additionally, the molecular docking experiments showed that the carbonyl group at C-19 of compounds 4, 6, and 7 formed strong hydrogen bonds with ARG315, which may make them have moderate inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Fu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdulbaset Al-Romaima
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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Nipun TS, Khatib A, Ibrahim Z, Ahmed QU, Redzwan IE, Primaharinastiti R, Saiman MZ, Fairuza R, Widyaningsih TD, AlAjmi MF, Khalifa SAM, El-Seedi HR. GC-MS- and NMR-Based Metabolomics and Molecular Docking Reveal the Potential Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Psychotria malayana Jack Leaves. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:978. [PMID: 34681203 PMCID: PMC8541227 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychotria malayana Jack leaf, known in Indonesia as "daun salung", is traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes and other diseases. Despite its potential, the phytochemical study related to its anti-diabetic activity is still lacking. Thus, this study aimed to identify putative inhibitors of α-glucosidase, a prominent enzyme contributing to diabetes type 2 in P. malayana leaf extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)- and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics, and to investigate the molecular interaction between those inhibitors and the enzyme through in silico approach. Twenty samples were extracted with different solvent ratios of methanol-water (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% v/v). All extracts were tested on the alpha-glucosidase inhibition (AGI) assay and analyzed using GC-MS and NMR. Multivariate data analysis through a partial least square (PLS) and orthogonal partial square (OPLS) models were developed in order to correlate the metabolite profile and the bioactivity leading to the annotation of the putative bioactive compounds in the plant extracts. A total of ten putative bioactive compounds were identified and some of them reported in this plant for the first time, namely 1,3,5-benzenetriol (1); palmitic acid (2); cholesta-7,9(11)-diene-3-ol (3); 1-monopalmitin (4); β-tocopherol (5); α-tocopherol (6); 24-epicampesterol (7); stigmast-5-ene (8); 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (10); and glutamine (11). For the evaluation of the potential binding modes between the inhibitors and protein, the in silico study via molecular docking was performed where the crystal structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isomaltase (PDB code: 3A4A) was used. Ten amino acid residues, namely ASP352, HIE351, GLN182, ARG442, ASH215, SER311, ARG213, GLH277, GLN279, and PRO312 established hydrogen bond in the docked complex, as well as hydrophobic interaction of other amino acid residues with the putative compounds. The α-glucosidase inhibitors showed moderate to high binding affinities (-5.5 to -9.4 kcal/mol) towards the active site of the enzymatic protein, where compounds 3, 5, and 8 showed higher binding affinity compared to both quercetin and control ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzina Sharmin Nipun
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia; (T.S.N.); (Z.I.); (Q.U.A.); (I.E.R.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia; (T.S.N.); (Z.I.); (Q.U.A.); (I.E.R.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60155, Indonesia
| | - Zalikha Ibrahim
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia; (T.S.N.); (Z.I.); (Q.U.A.); (I.E.R.)
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia; (T.S.N.); (Z.I.); (Q.U.A.); (I.E.R.)
| | - Irna Elina Redzwan
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia; (T.S.N.); (Z.I.); (Q.U.A.); (I.E.R.)
| | | | - Mohd Zuwairi Saiman
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Center for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Raudah Fairuza
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia; (R.F.); (T.D.W.)
| | - Tri Dewanti Widyaningsih
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia; (R.F.); (T.D.W.)
| | - Mohamed F. AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shaden A. M. Khalifa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 591, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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16
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Bari M, Bisogno T, Battista N. Bioactive Lipids in Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121698. [PMID: 33371219 PMCID: PMC7767251 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the primordial concept of lipids is associated with the role they play as key components of the cell membrane, growing research in the field of bioactive lipids and lipidomic technologies proves the prominent role of these molecules in other biological functions [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (T.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (T.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (T.B.); (N.B.)
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17
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Nipun TS, Khatib A, Ibrahim Z, Ahmed QU, Redzwan IE, Saiman MZ, Supandi F, Primaharinastiti R, El-Seedi HR. Characterization of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Psychotria malayana Jack Leaves Extract Using LC-MS-Based Multivariate Data Analysis and In-Silico Molecular Docking. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245885. [PMID: 33322801 PMCID: PMC7763559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotria malayana Jack has traditionally been used to treat diabetes. Despite its potential, the scientific proof in relation to this plant is still lacking. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the α-glucosidase inhibitors in P.malayana leaf extracts using a metabolomics approach and to elucidate the ligand–protein interactions through in silico techniques. The plant leaves were extracted with methanol and water at five various ratios (100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% v/v; water–methanol). Each extract was tested for α-glucosidase inhibition, followed by analysis using liquid chromatography tandem to mass spectrometry. The data were further subjected to multivariate data analysis by means of an orthogonal partial least square in order to correlate the chemical profile and the bioactivity. The loading plots revealed that the m/z signals correspond to the activity of α-glucosidase inhibitors, which led to the identification of three putative bioactive compounds, namely 5′-hydroxymethyl-1′-(1, 2, 3, 9-tetrahydro-pyrrolo (2, 1-b) quinazolin-1-yl)-heptan-1′-one (1), α-terpinyl-β-glucoside (2), and machaeridiol-A (3). Molecular docking of the identified inhibitors was performed using Auto Dock Vina software against the crystal structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isomaltase (Protein Data Bank code: 3A4A). Four hydrogen bonds were detected in the docked complex, involving several residues, namely ASP352, ARG213, ARG442, GLU277, GLN279, HIE280, and GLU411. Compound 1, 2, and 3 showed binding affinity values of −8.3, −7.6, and −10.0 kcal/mol, respectively, which indicate the good binding ability of the compounds towards the enzyme when compared to that of quercetin, a known α-glucosidase inhibitor. The three identified compounds that showed potential binding affinity towards the enzymatic protein in molecular docking interactions could be the bioactive compounds associated with the traditional use of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzina Sharmin Nipun
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia; (T.S.N.); (Z.I.); (Q.U.A.); (I.E.R.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia; (T.S.N.); (Z.I.); (Q.U.A.); (I.E.R.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60155, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.Z.S.)
| | - Zalikha Ibrahim
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia; (T.S.N.); (Z.I.); (Q.U.A.); (I.E.R.)
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia; (T.S.N.); (Z.I.); (Q.U.A.); (I.E.R.)
| | - Irna Elina Redzwan
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia; (T.S.N.); (Z.I.); (Q.U.A.); (I.E.R.)
| | - Mohd Zuwairi Saiman
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Center for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.Z.S.)
| | - Farahaniza Supandi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | | | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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