1
|
Berrino E, Michelet B, Martin‐Mingot A, Carta F, Supuran CT, Thibaudeau S. Modulating the Efficacy of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors through Fluorine Substitution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Berrino
- University of Florence NEUROFARBA Dept. Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche Via Ugo Schiff 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Bastien Michelet
- Superacid Group in “Organic Synthesis” Team Université de Poitiers CNRS UMR 7285 IC2MP Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 09 France
| | - Agnès Martin‐Mingot
- Superacid Group in “Organic Synthesis” Team Université de Poitiers CNRS UMR 7285 IC2MP Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 09 France
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- University of Florence NEUROFARBA Dept. Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche Via Ugo Schiff 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- University of Florence NEUROFARBA Dept. Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche Via Ugo Schiff 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- Superacid Group in “Organic Synthesis” Team Université de Poitiers CNRS UMR 7285 IC2MP Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 09 France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baronas D, Dudutienė V, Paketurytė V, Kairys V, Smirnov A, Juozapaitienė V, Vaškevičius A, Manakova E, Gražulis S, Zubrienė A, Matulis D. Structure and mechanism of secondary sulfonamide binding to carbonic anhydrases. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2021; 50:993-1011. [PMID: 34328515 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zinc-containing metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) binds primary sulfonamides with extremely high, up to picomolar, affinity by forming a coordination bond between the negatively charged amino group and the zinc ion and making hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts with other parts of the inhibitor molecule. However, N-methyl-substituted, secondary or tertiary sulfonamides bind CA with much lower affinity. In search for an explanation for this diminished affinity, a series of secondary sulfonamides were synthesized and, together with analogous primary sulfonamides, the affinities for 12 recombinant catalytically active human CA isoforms were determined by the fluorescent thermal shift assay, stopped-flow assay of the inhibition of enzymatic activity and isothermal titration calorimetry. The binding profile of secondary sulfonamides as a function of pH showed the same U-shape dependence seen for primary sulfonamides. This dependence demonstrated that there were protein binding-linked protonation reactions that should be dissected for the estimation of the intrinsic binding constants to perform structure-thermodynamics analysis. X-ray crystallographic structures of secondary sulfonamides and computational modeling dissected the atomic contributions to the binding energetics. Secondary sulfonamides bind to carbonic anhydrases via coordination bond between the negatively charged nitrogen of alkylated amino group and Zn(II) in the active site of CA. The binding reaction is linked to deprotonation of the amino group and protonation of the Zn(II)-bound hydroxide. To perform the structure-thermodynamics analysis, contributions of these linked reactions must be subtracted to determine the intrinsic energetics. In this aspect, the secondary sulfonamides are similar to primary sulfonamides as CA inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Baronas
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Virginija Dudutienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Paketurytė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexey Smirnov
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Juozapaitienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aivaras Vaškevičius
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Elena Manakova
- Department of Protein-DNA Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Gražulis
- Department of Protein-DNA Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Asta Zubrienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hewitt CS, Abutaleb NS, Elhassanny AEM, Nocentini A, Cao X, Amos DP, Youse MS, Holly KJ, Marapaka A, An W, Kaur J, Krabill AD, Elkashif A, Elgammal Y, Graboski AL, Supuran CT, Seleem MN, Flaherty DP. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Acetazolamide-Based Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors with Activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1969-1984. [PMID: 33765392 PMCID: PMC8317129 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an urgent threat to public health in the United States and around the world. Many of the current classes of antibiotics to treat N. gonorrhoeae infection are quickly becoming obsolete due to increased rates of resistance. Thus, there is a critical need for alternative antimicrobial targets and new chemical entities. Our team has repurposed the FDA-approved carbonic anhydrase inhibitor scaffold of acetazolamide to target N. gonorrhoeae and the bacteria's essential carbonic anhydrase, NgCA. This study established both structure-activity and structure-property relationships that contribute to both antimicrobial activity and NgCA activity. This ultimately led to molecules 20 and 23, which displayed minimum inhibitory concentration values as low as 0.25 μg/mL equating to an 8- to 16-fold improvement in antigonococcal activity compared to acetazolamide. These analogues were determined to be bacteriostatic against the pathogen and likely on-target against NgCA. Additionally, they did not exhibit any detrimental effects in cellular toxicity assays against both a human endocervical (End1/E6E7) cell line or colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) at concentrations up to 128 μg/mL. Taken together, this study presents a class of antigonococcal agents with the potential to be advanced for further evaluation in N. gonorrhoeae infection models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad S. Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nader S. Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ahmed E. M. Elhassanny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze, Italy
| | - Xufeng Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Devon P. Amos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Molly S. Youse
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Katrina J. Holly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Anil Marapaka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Weiwei An
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Aaron D. Krabill
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ahmed Elkashif
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yehia Elgammal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Amanda L. Graboski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mohamed N. Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Daniel P. Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, 720 Clinic Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, 207 South Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nocentini A, Angeli A, Carta F, Winum JY, Zalubovskis R, Carradori S, Capasso C, Donald WA, Supuran CT. Reconsidering anion inhibitors in the general context of drug design studies of modulators of activity of the classical enzyme carbonic anhydrase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:561-580. [PMID: 33615947 PMCID: PMC7901698 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1882453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic anions inhibit the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) generally by coordinating to the active site metal ion. Cyanate was reported as a non-coordinating CA inhibitor but those erroneous results were subsequently corrected by another group. We review the anion CA inhibitors (CAIs) in the more general context of drug design studies and the discovery of a large number of inhibitor classes and inhibition mechanisms, including zinc binders (sulphonamides and isosteres, dithiocabamates and isosteres, thiols, selenols, benzoxaboroles, ninhydrins, etc.); inhibitors anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule (phenols, polyamines, sulfocoumarins, thioxocoumarins, catechols); CAIs occluding the entrance to the active site (coumarins and derivatives, lacosamide), as well as compounds that bind outside the active site. All these new chemotypes integrated with a general procedure for obtaining isoform-selective compounds (the tail approach) has resulted, through the guidance of rigorous X-ray crystallography experiments, in the development of highly selective CAIs for all human CA isoforms with many pharmacological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Raivis Zalubovskis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Berrino E, Michelet B, Martin-Mingot A, Carta F, Supuran CT, Thibaudeau S. Modulating the Efficacy of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors through Fluorine Substitution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23068-23082. [PMID: 34028153 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of fluorine atoms and/or fluoroalkyl groups can lead to many beneficial effects in biologically active molecules, such as enhanced metabolic stability, bioavailability, lipophilicity, and membrane permeability, as well as a strengthening of protein-ligand binding interactions. However, this "magic effect" of fluorine atom(s) insertion can often be meaningless. Taking advantage of the wide range of data coming from the quest for carbonic anhydrase (CA) fluorinated inhibitors, this Minireview attempts to give "general guidelines" on how to wisely insert fluorine atom(s) within an inhibitor moiety to precisely enhance or disrupt ligand-protein interactions, depending on the target location of the fluorine substitution in the ligand. Multiple approaches such as ITC, kinetic and inhibition studies, X-ray crystallography, and NMR spectroscopy are useful in dissecting single binding contributions to the overall observed effect. The exploitation of innovative directions made in the field of protein and ligand-based fluorine NMR screening is also discussed to avoid misconduct and finely tune the exploitation of selective fluorine atom insertion in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Berrino
- University of Florence, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Bastien Michelet
- Superacid Group in "Organic Synthesis" Team, Université de Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 09, France
| | - Agnès Martin-Mingot
- Superacid Group in "Organic Synthesis" Team, Université de Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 09, France
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- University of Florence, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- University of Florence, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- Superacid Group in "Organic Synthesis" Team, Université de Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 09, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Glöckner S, Klebe G. Simultaneous determination of thermodynamic and kinetic data by isothermal titration calorimetry. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129772. [PMID: 33191201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermodynamic and binding kinetic data increasingly support and guide the drug optimization process. METHODS Because ITC thermograms contain binding thermodynamic and kinetic information, an efficient protocol for the simultaneous extraction of thermodynamic and kinetic data for 1:1 protein ligand reactions from AFFINImeter kinITC in one single experiment are presented. RESULTS The effort to apply this protocol requires the same time as for the standard protocol but increases the precision of both thermodynamic and kinetic data. CONCLUSIONS The protocol enables reliable extraction of both thermodynamic and kinetic data for 1:1 protein-ligand binding reactions with improved precision compared to the 'standard protocol'. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Thermodynamic and kinetic data are recorded under exactly the same conditions in solution without any labeling or immobilization from a protein sample that is not 100% active and would otherwise render the extraction of kinetic parameters impossible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Glöckner
- Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaur J, Cao X, Abutaleb NS, Elkashif A, Graboski AL, Krabill AD, AbdelKhalek AH, An W, Bhardwaj A, Seleem MN, Flaherty DP. Optimization of Acetazolamide-Based Scaffold as Potent Inhibitors of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9540-9562. [PMID: 32787141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are the second leading cause of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) attributed to a drug-resistant bacterium in the United States, and resistance to the frontline treatments is well documented. To combat VRE, we have repurposed the FDA-approved carbonic anhydrase drug acetazolamide to design potent antienterococcal agents. Through structure-activity relationship optimization we have arrived at two leads possessing improved potency against clinical VRE strains from MIC = 2 μg/mL (acetazolamide) to MIC = 0.007 μg/mL (22) and 1 μg/mL (26). Physicochemical properties were modified to design leads that have either high oral bioavailability to treat systemic infections or low intestinal permeability to treat VRE infections in the gastrointestinal tract. Our data suggest the intracellular targets for the molecules are putative α-carbonic and γ-carbonic anhydrases, and homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations were performed. Together, this study presents potential anti-VRE therapeutic options to provide alternatives for problematic VRE infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xufeng Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ahmed Elkashif
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Amanda L Graboski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Aaron D Krabill
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ahmed Hassan AbdelKhalek
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Weiwei An
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Atul Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, 207 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, 207 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|