Tailoring Uptake Efficacy of HSV-1 gD Derived Carrier Peptides

An updated review of HSV-1 infection-associated diseases and treatment, vaccine development, and vector therapy application

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a globally widespread virus that causes and associates with a wide range of diseases, including herpes simplex encephalitis, herpes simplex keratitis, and herpes labialis. The interaction between HSV-1 and the host involves complex immune response mechanisms, including recognition of viral invasion, maintenance of latent infection, and triggering of reactivation. Antiviral therapy is the core treatment for HSV-1 infections. Meanwhile, vaccine development employs different strategies and methods, and several promising vaccine types have emerged, such as live attenuated, protein subunit, and nucleic acid vaccines, offering new possibilities for the prevention of HSV-1 infection. Moreover, HSV-1 can be modified into a therapeutic vector for gene therapy and tumour immunotherapy. This review provides an in-depth summary of HSV-1 infection-associated innate and adaptive immune responses, disease pathogenesis, current therapeutic approaches, recent advances in vaccine development, and vector therapy applications for cancer treatment. Through a systematic review of multiple aspects of HSV-1, this study aims to provide a comprehensive and detailed reference for the public on the prevention, control, and treatment of HSV-1.

New Salicylanilide Derivatives and Their Peptide Conjugates as Anticancer Compounds: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Effect on Glioblastoma

Pharmacologically active salicylanilides (2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamides) have been a promising area of interest in medicinal chemistry-related research for quite some time. This group of compounds has shown a wide spectrum of biological activities, including but not limited to anticancer effects. In this study, substituted salicylanilides were chosen to evaluate the in vitro activity on U87 human glioblastoma (GBM) cells. The parent salicylanilide, salicylanilide 5-chloropyrazinoates, a 4-aminosalicylic acid derivative, and the new salicylanilide 4-formylbenzoates were chemically and in vitro characterized. To enhance the internalization of the compounds, they were conjugated to delivery peptides with the formation of oxime bonds. Oligotuftsins ([TKPKG]n, n = 1-4), the ligands of neuropilin receptors, were used as GBM-targeting carrier peptides. The in vitro cellular uptake, intracellular localization, and penetration ability on tissue-mimicking models of the fluorescent peptide derivatives were determined. The compounds and their peptide conjugates significantly decreased the viability of U87 glioma cells. Salicylanilide compound-induced GBM cell death was associated with activation of autophagy, as characterized by immunodetection of autophagy-related processing of light chain 3 protein.

Targeting the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor (GRP-R) in Cancer Therapy: Development of Bombesin-Based Peptide-Drug Conjugates

Targeted tumour therapy has proved to be an efficient alternative to overcome the limitations of conventional chemotherapy. Among several receptors upregulated in cancer cells, the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) has recently emerged as a promising target for cancer imaging, diagnosing and treatment due to its overexpression on cancerous tissues such as breast, prostate, pancreatic and small-cell lung cancer. Herein, we report on the in vitro and in vivo selective delivery of the cytotoxic drug daunorubicin to prostate and breast cancer, by targeting GRP-R. Exploiting many bombesin analogues as homing peptides, including a newly developed peptide, we produced eleven daunorubicin-containing peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs), acting as drug delivery systems to safely reach the tumour environment. Two of our bioconjugates revealed remarkable anti-proliferative activity, an efficient uptake by all three tested human breast and prostate cancer cell lines, high stability in plasma and a prompt release of the drug-containing metabolite by lysosomal enzymes. Moreover, they revealed a safe profile and a consistent reduction of the tumour volume in vivo. In conclusion, we highlight the importance of GRP-R binding PDCs in targeted cancer therapy, with the possibility of further tailoring and optimisation.

Clinical Management of Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Additionally, up to 90% of the population in some countries is seropositive for HSV. HSV can cause a wide spectrum of ocular disease ranging from blepharitis to retinitis. Although the initial clinical expressions of HSV-1 and HSV-2 are similar, HSV-2 has been reported more frequently in association with recurrent HSV disease. Besides irreversible vision loss from keratitis, HSV also causes encephalitis and genital forms of the disease. Despite these statistics, there remains no vaccine against HSV. Current treatment therapies for related ocular diseases include the use of oral and topical antivirals and topical corticosteroids. While effective in many cases, they fail to address the latency and elimination of the virus, making it ineffective in addressing recurrences, a factor which increases the risk of vision loss. As such, there is a need for continued research of other potential therapeutic targets. This review utilized several published articles regarding the manifestations of HSV keratitis, antiviral immune responses to HSV infection, and clinical management of HSV keratitis. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the host–virus interaction in HSV infections, as well as highlighting the current and potential antiviral therapeutics.

Novel Lysine-Rich Delivery Peptides of Plant Origin ERD and Human S100: The Effect of Carboxyfluorescein Conjugation, Influence of Aromatic and Proline Residues, Cellular Internalization, and Penetration Ability

The need for novel drug delivery peptides is an important issue of the modern pharmaceutical research. Here, we test K-rich peptides from plant dehydrin ERD14 (ERD-A, ERD-B, and ERD-C) and the C-terminal CPP-resembling region of S100A4 (S100) using the 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (Cf) tag at the N-terminus. Via a combined pH-dependent NMR and fluorescence study, we analyze the effect of the Cf conjugation/modification on the structural behavior, separately investigating the (5)-Cf and (6)-Cf forms. Flow cytometry results show that all peptides internalize; however, there is a slight difference between the cellular internalization of (5)- and (6)-Cf-peptides. We indicate the possible importance of residues with an aromatic sidechain and proline. We prove that ERD-A localizes mostly in the cytosol, ERD-B and S100 have partial colocalization with lysosomal staining, and ERD-C mainly localizes within vesicle-like compartments, while the uptake mechanism mainly occurs through energy-dependent paths.

Cellular Internalization and Inhibition Capacity of New Anti-Glioma Peptide Conjugates: Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation on Various Monolayer- and 3D-Spheroid-Based in Vitro Platforms

Most therapeutic agents used for treating brain malignancies face hindered transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and poor tissue penetration. To overcome these problems, we developed peptide conjugates of conventional and experimental anticancer agents. SynB3 cell-penetrating peptide derivatives were applied that can cross the BBB. Tuftsin derivatives were used to target the neuropilin-1 transport system for selectivity and better tumor penetration. Moreover, SynB3-tuftsin tandem compounds were synthesized to combine the beneficial properties of these peptides. Most of the conjugates showed high and selective efficacy against glioblastoma cells. SynB3 and tandem derivatives demonstrated superior cellular internalization. The penetration profile of the conjugates was determined on a lipid monolayer and Transwell co-culture system with noncontact HUVEC-U87 monolayers as simple ex vivo and in vitro BBB models. Importantly, in 3D spheroids, daunomycin-peptide conjugates possessed a better tumor penetration ability than daunomycin. These conjugates are promising tools for the delivery systems with tunable features.