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Ceccacci S, Corsi L, Spinelli L, Caroli C, Marani M, Anceschi L, Mozzicafreddo M, Pellati F, Monti MC. A label free chemoproteomic-based platform to disclose cannabidiol molecular mechanism of action on chronic myelogenous leukemia cancer cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24196. [PMID: 38268604 PMCID: PMC10806336 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the interactome of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid from Cannabis sativa L., has been here performed on chronic myelogenous leukemia cancer cells, using an optimized chemo-proteomic stage, which links Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability with Limited Proteolysis Multiple Reaction Monitoring approaches. The obtained results showed the ability of CBD to target simultaneously some potential protein partners, corroborating its well-known poly-pharmacology activity. In human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cancer cells, the most fascinating protein partner was identified as the 116 kDa U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein element called EFTUD2, which fits with the spliceosome complex. The binding mode of this oncogenic protein with CBD was clarified using mass spectrometry-based and in silico analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ceccacci
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Corsi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucio Spinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Clarissa Caroli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Matilde Marani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Lisa Anceschi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
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Ferraro G, Voli A, Mozzicafreddo M, Pollastro F, Tosco A, Monti MC. Targeting phosphoglycerate kinases by tatridin A, a natural sesquiterpenoid endowed with anti-cancer activity, using a proteomic platform. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1212541. [PMID: 37767160 PMCID: PMC10519794 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1212541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tatridin A (TatA) is a germacrane sesquiterpenoid containing one E-double bond and one Z-double bond in its 10-membered ring, which is fused to a 3-methylene-dihydrofuran-2-one moiety. Tatridin A bioactivity has been poorly investigated despite its interesting chemical structure. Here, a functional proteomic platform was adapted to disclose its most reliable targets in leukemia monocytic cells, and phosphoglycerate kinases were recognized as the most affine enzymes. Through a combination of limited proteolysis and molecular docking, it has been discovered that tatridin A interacts with the active domains of phosphoglycerate kinase 1, altering its hinge region, and it can be accountable for tatridin A inhibition potency on enzyme activity. A more detailed tatridin A biological profile showed that it is also fully active against gastric cancer cells, downregulating the mRNA levels of chemokine receptor 4 and β-catenin and inhibiting the invasiveness of living KATO III cells as a direct consequence of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Ferraro
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Antonia Voli
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem Srls, Novara, Italy
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3
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Morretta E, Ruggiero D, Belvedere R, Petrella A, Bruno I, Terracciano S, Monti MC. A multidisciplinary functional proteomics-aided strategy as a tool for the profiling of a novel cytotoxic thiadiazolopyrimidone. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106620. [PMID: 37229937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, thiadiazolopyrimidine derivatives have been acknowledged for their striking poly-pharmacological framework, thus representing an interesting scaffold for the development of new therapeutic candidates. This paper examines the synthesis and the interactome characterization of a novel bioactive thiadiazolopyrimidone (compound 1), endowed with cytotoxic activity on HeLa cancer cells. In detail, starting from a small set of synthesized thiadiazolopyrimidones, a multi-disciplinary strategy has been carried out on the most bioactive one to disclose its potential biological targets by functional proteomics, using a label-free mass spectrometry based platform coupling Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability and targeted Limited Proteolysis-Multiple Reaction Monitoring. The identification of Annexin A6 (ANXA6) as compound 1 most reliable cellular partner paved the way to deepen the protein-ligand interaction through bio-orthogonal approaches and to prove compound 1 action on migration and invasion processes governed by ANXA6 modulation. The identification of compund 1 as the first ANXA6 protein modulator represents a relevant tool to further explore the biological role of ANXA6 in cancer, as well as to develop novel anticancer candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elva Morretta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Dafne Ruggiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Ines Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Stefania Terracciano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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Morretta E, Brullo C, Belvedere R, Petrella A, Spallarossa A, Monti MC. Targeting USP-7 by a Novel Fluorinated 5-Pyrazolyl-Urea Derivative. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119200. [PMID: 37298148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of innovative technologies on the target discovery has been employed here to characterize the interactome of STIRUR 41, a promising 3-fluoro-phenyl-5-pyrazolyl-urea derivative endowed with anti-cancer activity, on neuroblastoma-related cells. A drug affinity responsive target stability-based proteomic platform has been optimized to elucidate the molecular mechanism at the basis of STIRUR 41 action, together with immunoblotting analysis and in silico molecular docking. Ubiquitin Specific Protease 7 (USP-7), one of the deubiquitinating enzymes which protect substrate proteins from proteasomal degradation, has been identified as the most affine STIRUR 41 target. As further demonstrated by in vitro and in-cell assays, STIRUR 41 was able to inhibit both the enzymatic activity of USP-7 and its expression levels in neuroblastoma-related cells, thus laying an encouraging base for the blockade of USP-7 downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elva Morretta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Andrea Spallarossa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy
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Ali R, Parelkar SS, Thompson PR, Mitroka-Batsford S, Yerramilli S, Scarlata SF, Mistretta KS, Coburn JM, Mattson AE. Phomoxanthone A Targets ATP Synthase. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202397. [PMID: 36082977 PMCID: PMC9942271 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phomoxanthone A is a naturally occurring molecule and a powerful anti-cancer agent, although its mechanism of action is unknown. To facilitate the determination of its biological target(s), we used affinity-based labelling using a phomoxanthone A probe. Labelled proteins were pulled down, subjected to chemoproteomics analysis using LC-MS/MS and ATP synthase was identified as a likely target. Mitochondrial ATP synthase was validated in cultured cells lysates and in live intact cells. Our studies show sixty percent inhibition of ATP synthase by 260 μM phomoxanthone A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameez Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St., Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Sangram S Parelkar
- Department of Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Wocester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Wocester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Susan Mitroka-Batsford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester State University, 486 Chandler St., Worcester, MA 10602, USA
| | - Siddartha Yerramilli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St., Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Suzanne F Scarlata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St., Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Katelyn S Mistretta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St., Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Jeannine M Coburn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St., Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Anita E Mattson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St., Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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6
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Ferraro G, Belvedere R, Petrella A, Tosco A, Stork B, Salamone S, Minassi A, Pollastro F, Morretta E, Monti MC. Drug affinity-responsive target stability unveils filamins as biological targets for artemetin, an anti-cancer flavonoid. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:964295. [PMID: 36090055 PMCID: PMC9452882 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.964295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemetin is a valuable 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone present in many different medicinal plants with very good oral bioavailability and drug-likeness values, owing to numerous bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer ones. Here, a multi-disciplinary plan has been settled and applied for identifying the artemetin target(s) to inspect its mechanism of action, based on drug affinity-responsive target stability and targeted limited proteolysis. Both approaches point to the disclosure of filamins A and B as direct artemetin targets in HeLa cell lysates, also giving detailed insights into the ligand/protein-binding sites. Interestingly, also 8-prenyl-artemetin, which is an artemetin more permeable semisynthetic analog, directly interacts with filamins A and B. Both compounds alter filamin conformation in living HeLa cells with an effect on cytoskeleton disassembly and on the disorganization of the F-actin filaments. Both the natural compound and its derivative are able to block cell migration, expectantly acting on tumor metastasis occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Ferraro
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Björn Stork
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem Srls, Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem Srls, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem Srls, Novara, Italy
| | - Elva Morretta
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Chiara Monti,
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A Proteomic Platform Unveils the Brain Glycogen Phosphorylase as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158200. [PMID: 35897773 PMCID: PMC9331883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, several efforts have been made to identify original strategies against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): this requires a more detailed investigation of the molecular mechanism of GBM so that novel targets can be identified for new possible therapeutic agents. Here, using a combined biochemical and proteomic approach, we evaluated the ability of a blood–brain barrier-permeable 2,3-benzodiazepin-4-one, called 1g, to interfere with the activity and the expression of brain glycogen phosphorylase (PYGB) on U87MG cell line in parallel with the capability of this compound to inhibit the cell growth and cycle. Thus, our results highlighted PYGB as a potential therapeutic target in GBM prompting 1g as a capable anticancer drug thanks to its ability to negatively modulate the uptake and metabolism of glucose, the so-called “Warburg effect”, whose increase is considered a common feature of cancer cells in respect of their normal counterparts.
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Synthesis, functional proteomics and biological evaluation of new 5-pyrazolyl ureas as potential anti-angiogenic compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113872. [PMID: 34600191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on biological results of previous synthesized pyrazolyl ureas able to interfere with angiogenesis process, we planned and synthesized the new benzyl-urea derivatives 2-4; some of them showed an interesting anti-proliferative profile and particularly 4e potently inhibited HUVEC proliferation. To shed light on the mechanism of action of 4e, its interactome has been deeply inspected to identify the most prominent protein partners, mainly taking into account kinome and phosphatome, through drug affinity responsive target stability experiments, followed by targeted limited proteolysis analysis. From these studies, PP1γ emerged as the most reliable 4e potential target in HUVEC. Molecular docking simulations on PP1γ were carried out to predict 4e binding mode. To assess its potential anti-angiogenic effect, 4e was tested in vitro to verify interference on kinase and phosphate activities. Overall, our results evidenced for 4e an interesting anti-angiogenic action, probably due to its action at intracellular level on PP1γ signalling pathways.
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Ren YS, Li HL, Piao XH, Yang ZY, Wang SM, Ge YW. Drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) accelerated small molecules target discovery: Principles and application. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114798. [PMID: 34678227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) is a novel target discovery approach and is particularly adept at screening small molecule (SM) targets without requiring any structural modifications. The DARTS method is capable of revealing drug-target interactions from cells or tissues by tracking changes in the stability of proteins acting as receptors of bioactive SMs. Due to its simple operation and high efficiency, the DARTS method has been applied to uncover the drug-action mechanism. This review summarized analytical principles, protocols, validation approaches, applications, and challenges involved in the DARTS method. Due to the innate advantages of the DARTS method, it is expected to be a powerful tool to accelerate SM target discovery, especially for bioactive natural products with unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shan Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui-Lin Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Piao
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhi-You Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shu-Mei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yue-Wei Ge
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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10
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Morretta E, Belvedere R, Petrella A, Spallarossa A, Rapetti F, Bruno O, Brullo C, Monti MC. Novel insights on the molecular mechanism of action of the anti-angiogenic pyrazolyl-urea GeGe-3 by functional proteomics. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105168. [PMID: 34284173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, 5-pyrazolyl-ureas have mostly been known for their attractive poly-pharmacological outline and, in particular, ethyl 1-(2-hydroxypentyl)-5-(3-(3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) ureido)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (named GeGe-3) has emerged as a capable anti-angiogenic compound. This paper examines its interactome by functional proteomics using a label-free mass spectrometry based platform, coupling Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability and targeted Limited Proteolysis-Multiple Reaction Monitoring. Calreticulin has been recognized as the GeGe-3 principal target and this evidence has been supported by immunoblotting and in silico molecular docking. Furthermore, cell studies have shown that GeGe-3 lowers cell calcium mobilization, cytoskeleton organization and focal adhesion kinase expression, thus linking its biological potential to calreticulin binding and, ultimately, shedding light on the reasonable action mechanism of this molecule as an anti-angiogenic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elva Morretta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Andrea Spallarossa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Federica Rapetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Olga Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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