1
|
Martišienė I, Zigmantaitė V, Pudžiuvelytė L, Bernatonienė J, Jurevičius J. Elsholtzia ciliata Essential Oil Exhibits a Smooth Muscle Relaxant Effect. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1464. [PMID: 37895935 PMCID: PMC10610041 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent in vivo study in pigs demonstrated the hypotensive properties of essential oil extracted from the blossoming plant Elsholtzia ciliata. This study was designed to examine the effect of E. ciliata essential oil (EO) on smooth muscle contraction. Tension measurements were performed on prostate strips and intact aortic rings isolated from rats. Results showed that EO caused a concentration-dependent reduction in phenylephrine-induced contraction of both the prostate and aorta, with a more pronounced inhibitory effect in the prostate. The IC50 of EO for the prostate was 0.24 ± 0.03 µL/mL (n = 10) and for the aorta was 0.72 ± 0.11 µL/mL (n = 4, p < 0.05 vs. prostate). The chromatographic analysis identified elsholtzia ketone (10.64%) and dehydroelsholtzia ketone (86.23%) as the predominant compounds in the tested EO. Since both compounds feature a furan ring within their molecular structure, other furan ring-containing compounds, 2-acetylfuran (2AF) and 5-methylfurfural (5MFF), were examined. For the first time, our study demonstrated the relaxant effects of 2AF and 5MFF on smooth muscles. Further, results showed that EO, 2AF, and 5MFF altered the responsiveness of prostate smooth muscle cells to phenylephrine. Under control conditions, the EC50 of phenylephrine was 0.18 ± 0.03 µM (n = 5), while in the presence of EO, 2AF, or 5MFF, the EC50 values were 0.81 ± 0.3 µM (n = 5), 0.89 ± 0.11 µM (n = 5), and 0.69 ± 0.23 µM (n = 4), respectively, p < 0.05 vs. control. Analysis of the affinity of EO for α1-adrenergic receptors in the prostate suggested that EO at a certain range of concentrations has a competitive antagonistic effect on α1-adrenergic receptors. In conclusion, EO elicits a relaxant effect on smooth muscles which may be related to the inhibition of α1-adrenoreceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Martišienė
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 15, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Vilma Zigmantaitė
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 15, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.Z.); (J.J.)
- Biological Research Center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės St. 18/7, LT47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lauryna Pudžiuvelytė
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 13, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.P.); (J.B.)
| | - Jurga Bernatonienė
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 13, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.P.); (J.B.)
| | - Jonas Jurevičius
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 15, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.Z.); (J.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mačianskienė R, Zigmantaitė V, Andriulė I, Pangonytė D, Sadauskienė I, Arandarčikaitė O, Stankevičius A, Grigas J, Pautienius A, Treinys R, Navalinskas A, Grigalevičiūtė R, Kučinskas A, Pudžiuvelytė L, Bernatonienė J, Jurevičius J. Acute and Sub-Chronic Intraperitoneal Toxicity Studies of the Elsholtzia ciliata Herbal Extract in Balb/c Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2417. [PMID: 37896177 PMCID: PMC10610345 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elsholtzia ciliata essential oil (E. ciliata) has been reported to have an impact on the cardiovascular system. However, its toxicity remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicological aspects of the E. ciliata extract. Male Balb/c mice were subjected to either acute (a single dose administered for 24 h) or sub-chronic (daily dose for 60 days) intraperitoneal injections of the E. ciliata extract. The mice were assessed for blood hematological/biochemical profiles, mitochondrial functions, and histopathological changes. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity assessments of the E. ciliata extract were performed on immobilized primate kidney cells (MARC-145, Vero) and rat liver cells (WBF344) to evaluate cell viability. The control groups received an equivalent volume of olive oil or saline. Our results demonstrated no significant detrimental effects on hematological and biochemical parameters, mitochondrial functions, cellular cytotoxicity, or pathological alterations in vital organs following the intraperitoneal administration of the E. ciliata extract over the 60-day sub-chronic toxicity study. In general, E. ciliata displayed no indications of toxicity, suggesting that the E. ciliata extract is a safe natural product with a well-defined therapeutic and protective index (found to be 90 and 54, respectively) in Balb/c mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Mačianskienė
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.Z.); (I.A.); (D.P.); (R.T.); (A.N.); (J.J.)
| | - Vilma Zigmantaitė
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.Z.); (I.A.); (D.P.); (R.T.); (A.N.); (J.J.)
| | - Inga Andriulė
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.Z.); (I.A.); (D.P.); (R.T.); (A.N.); (J.J.)
| | - Dalia Pangonytė
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.Z.); (I.A.); (D.P.); (R.T.); (A.N.); (J.J.)
| | - Ilona Sadauskienė
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (I.S.); (O.A.)
| | - Odeta Arandarčikaitė
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (I.S.); (O.A.)
| | - Arūnas Stankevičius
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.S.); (J.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Juozas Grigas
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.S.); (J.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Arnoldas Pautienius
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.S.); (J.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Rimantas Treinys
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.Z.); (I.A.); (D.P.); (R.T.); (A.N.); (J.J.)
| | - Antanas Navalinskas
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.Z.); (I.A.); (D.P.); (R.T.); (A.N.); (J.J.)
| | - Ramunė Grigalevičiūtė
- Biological Research Center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Audrius Kučinskas
- Biological Research Center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Lauryna Pudžiuvelytė
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.P.); (J.B.)
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurga Bernatonienė
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.P.); (J.B.)
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Jurevičius
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.Z.); (I.A.); (D.P.); (R.T.); (A.N.); (J.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen S, Chen J, Xu Y, Wang X, Li J. Elsholtzia: A genus with antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory advantages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 297:115549. [PMID: 35878785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Elsholtzia (family Labiaceae) is an important source of folk traditional Chinese medicine, mainly used to relieve the symptoms of cold, fever, pneumonia and so on. However, currently available data on its traditional and pharmacological advantages have not been comprehensively reviewed. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review provides up-to-date and comprehensive information on the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, pharmacological properties and toxicity of Elsholtzia, highlights the antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory advantages of the genus, and explores its therapeutic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Use Google Scholar, Scifinder, PubMed, Springer, Elsevier, Wiley, Web of Science and other online database search to collect the research literatures on application, chemistry and biological activity of Elsholtzia published before December 2021. Their scientific names have been verified using The Plant List and World Flora Online websites. RESULTS A total of 42 species of Elsholtzia are widely distributed all over the world, especially in Yunnan Province (China). Since Elsholtzia genus is commonly used in the folk to treat respiratory infectious diseases such as cold and fever, growing numbers of studies have confirmed their antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. So far, about 221 non-volatile compounds and 1008 volatile compounds have been identified from Elsholtzia plants, mainly containing flavonoids and terpenoids showing convincing antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. Further research found that their antibacterial and antiviral spectrums are broad, and volatile oils are considered to be the main antibacterial components. Their anti-inflammatory mechanism is mainly through the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. Toxicological studies have not established its toxicity. CONCLUSIONS By summarizing the latest information on genus Elsholtzia, their traditional uses, material basis and mechanisms of action in antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory aspects were described, providing new insights for the genus and its importance as a potential natural resource of antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs, giving evidence and new ideas for the development of herbal medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jixin Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196411. [PMID: 36234947 PMCID: PMC9572931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the confusion of the sources of medicinal materials was briefly expounded, and the differences among the varieties were pointed out. At the same time, the chemical components and pharmacological properties of Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland (E. ciliata) were reviewed. The structures of 352 compounds that have been identified are listed. These mainly include flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and other chemical components. They have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antiviral, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, analgesic, antiarrhythmic, antitumor, antiacetylcholinesterase, and immunoregulator activities. At present, there are many researches using essential oil and alcohol extract, and the researches on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and other pharmacological activities are relatively mature. This paper aims to summarize the existing research, update the research progress regarding the phytochemicals and pharmacology of E. ciliate, and to provide convenience for subsequent research.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zigmantaitė V, Jonušaitė E, Grigalevičiūtė R, Kučinskas A, Treinys R, Navalinskas A, Žvikas V, Jakštas V, Pudžiuvelytė L, Bernatonienė J, Mačianskienė R, Jurevičius J. Evaluation of the Cardiac Electrophysiological and Haemodynamic Effects of Elsholtzia ciliata Essential Oil on Swine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080982. [PMID: 36015131 PMCID: PMC9414655 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for the development of novel medicines with few side effects and no proarrhythmic properties is increasing. Extensive research on herbal extracts has been conducted with the expectation that the compounds will exert precise effects without harmful side effects. Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. essential oil (EO) possesses antiarrhythmic properties similar to those of class 1B antiarrhythmics, such as prolonging myocardial activation of the QRS complex and shortening the QT interval. In this study, we determined the kinetic profile of EO phytocompounds and the effects of EO on heart electrical activity and arterial blood pressure. For this study, we chose to use local breed pigs that were anaesthetized. The effects of an intravenous bolus of EO on ECG parameters, arterial blood pressure, heart rate variability, and blood levels of haematological and biochemical parameters were registered and evaluated. Following an intravenous injection of a bolus, EO exerted a vasodilatory effect, resulting in significant reductions in arterial blood pressure. EO also increased the heart rate and altered ECG parameters. The bolus of EO prolonged the QRS complex, shortened the QT interval, and nonmonotonically altered the PQ interval. After the administration of a bolus of EO, the activity of the autonomic nervous system was altered. This study confirms that EO possesses similar properties to class 1B antiarrhythmics and exerts a hypotensive effect; it reduces arterial blood pressure possibly by modulating peripheral vascular resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Zigmantaitė
- Biological Research Center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės St. 18/7, LT47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-675-36043
| | - Eglė Jonušaitė
- Biological Research Center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės St. 18/7, LT47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ramunė Grigalevičiūtė
- Biological Research Center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės St. 18/7, LT47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Kučinskas
- Biological Research Center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės St. 18/7, LT47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Treinys
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 15, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Antanas Navalinskas
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 15, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vaidotas Žvikas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 13, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Valdas Jakštas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 13, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 13, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lauryna Pudžiuvelytė
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 13, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 13, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurga Bernatonienė
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 13, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 13, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Regina Mačianskienė
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 15, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Jurevičius
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Ave. 15, LT50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|