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Pérez E, Acosta J, Pisabarro V, Cordani M, dos Santos JCS, Sanz-Landaluze J, Gallo J, Bañobre-López M, Fernández-Lucas J. Novel Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy for Cancer Treatment Based on 2'-Deoxyribosyltransferase-Conjugated Magnetic Nanoparticles. Biomolecules 2024; 14:894. [PMID: 39199282 PMCID: PMC11352528 DOI: 10.3390/biom14080894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Directed enzyme prodrug therapy (DEPT) strategies show promise in mitigating chemotherapy side effects during cancer treatment. Among these, the use of immobilized enzymes on solid matrices as prodrug activating agents (IDEPT) presents a compelling delivery strategy, offering enhanced tumor targeting and reduced toxicity. Herein, we report a novel IDEPT strategy by employing a His-tagged Leishmania mexicana type I 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase (His-LmPDT) covalently attached to glutaraldehyde-activated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs). Among the resulting derivatives, PDT-MIONP3 displayed the most favorable catalyst load/retained activity ratio, prompting its selection for further investigation. Substrate specificity studies demonstrated that PDT-MIONP3 effectively hydrolyzed a diverse array of 6-oxo and/or 6-amino purine 2'-deoxynucleosides, including 2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (dFAdo) and 6-methylpurine-2'-deoxyribose (d6MetPRib), both well-known prodrugs commonly used in DEPT. The biophysical characterization of both MIONPs and PDT-MIONPs was conducted by TEM, DLS, and single particle ICPMS techniques, showing an ideal nanosized range and a zeta potential value of -47.9 mV and -78.2 mV for MIONPs and PDT-MIONPs, respectively. The intracellular uptake of MIONPs and PDT-MIONPs was also determined by TEM and single particle ICPMS on HeLa cancer cell lines and NIH3T3 normal cell lines, showing a higher intracellular uptake in tumor cells. Finally, the selectivity of the PDT-MIONP/dFAdo IDEPT system was tested on HeLa cells (24 h, 10 µM dFAdo), resulting in a significant reduction in tumoral cell survival (11% of viability). Based on the experimental results, PDT-MIONP/dFAdo presents a novel and alternative IDEPT strategy, providing a promising avenue for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pérez
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (E.P.); (J.A.); (V.P.)
| | - Javier Acosta
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (E.P.); (J.A.); (V.P.)
| | - Victor Pisabarro
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (E.P.); (J.A.); (V.P.)
| | - Marco Cordani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C. de José Antonio Novais, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José C. S. dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790970, CE, Brazil;
| | - Jon Sanz-Landaluze
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Gallo
- INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (J.G.); (M.B.-L.)
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (J.G.); (M.B.-L.)
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (E.P.); (J.A.); (V.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C. de José Antonio Novais, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas—GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55–66, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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Ge H, Liu X, Yuan H, Zhang G. Biomimetic one-pot preparation of surface biofunctionalized silica-coated magnetic composites for dual enzyme oriented immobilization without pre-purification. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 164:110169. [PMID: 36508943 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Surface functioned magnetic silica particles are efficient carriers to achieve facilitated separation and recycling of biocatalysts. However, traditional methods of modifying magnetic silica particles required time-costly sequential coating and surface modification steps and toxic solvents. Herein, a green and efficient routine was proposed to prepare the surface modified silica-coated magnetic microspheres (SCEs@SiO2 @Fe3O4) in one-pot. The elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs)-SpyCatcher chimera (SCEs) were purified by inverse transition cycling with high yield (275 mg/L) and incorporated into the magnetic silica spheres based on the biomimetic silicification capability of ELPs as proved by the EDS and SEM mapping. No SCEs leaked was observed within 48 h, indicating excellent stability in buffer. Then, the biofunctionalized carriers were used to purify and immobilize the target dual enzymes (xylanase-linker-SpyTag-linker-lichenase, bienzymes) directly from the crude cell lysis solution by the spontaneous isopeptide bond reaction between SpyCatcher and SpyTag. The immobilized bienzymes were sphere-like magnetic silica particles with uniform size, which had good magnetic responsiveness. The immobilization yield, immobilization efficiency and activity recovery for xylanase were 86%, 84 % and 72 %, while for lichenase was 92 %, 86 % and 79 %, respectively. Besides, the immobilized bienzymes showed good reusability (>60 %, 10 times for xylanase, >95 %, 8 times for lichenase). The SCEs modified silica-coated magnetic microspheres are expected to provide versatile platforms for single-step of purification and immobilization of multienzymes, offering great potentials in the field of biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Ge
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China.
| | - Hang Yuan
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China.
| | - Guangya Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China.
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Magnetic Multi-Enzymatic System for Cladribine Manufacturing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113634. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated processes have proven to be a valuable and sustainable alternative to traditional chemical methods. In this regard, the use of multi-enzymatic systems enables the realization of complex synthetic schemes, while also introducing a number of additional advantages, including the conversion of reversible reactions into irreversible processes, the partial or complete elimination of product inhibition problems, and the minimization of undesirable by-products. In addition, the immobilization of biocatalysts on magnetic supports allows for easy reusability and streamlines the downstream process. Herein we have developed a cascade system for cladribine synthesis based on the sequential action of two magnetic biocatalysts. For that purpose, purine 2′-deoxyribosyltransferase from Leishmania mexicana (LmPDT) and Escherichia coli hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EcHPRT) were immobilized onto Ni2+-prechelated magnetic microspheres (MagReSyn®NTA). Among the resulting derivatives, MLmPDT3 (activity: 11,935 IU/gsupport, 63% retained activity, operational conditions: 40 °C and pH 5–7) and MEcHPRT3 (12,840 IU/gsupport, 45% retained activity, operational conditions: pH 5–8 and 40–60 °C) emerge as optimal catalysts for further synthetic application. Moreover, the MLmPDT3/MEcHPRT3 system was biochemically characterized and successfully applied to the one-pot synthesis of cladribine under various conditions. This methodology not only displayed a 1.67-fold improvement in cladribine synthesis (compared to MLmPDT3), but it also implied a practically complete transformation of the undesired by-product into a high-added-value product (90% conversion of Hyp into IMP). Finally, MLmPDT3/MEcHPRT3 was reused for 16 cycles, which displayed a 75% retained activity.
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Rational Design of a Thermostable 2'-Deoxyribosyltransferase for Nelarabine Production by Prediction of Disulfide Bond Engineering Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911806. [PMID: 36233108 PMCID: PMC9570332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major drawbacks of the industrial implementation of enzymatic processes is the low operational stability of the enzymes under tough industrial conditions. In this respect, the use of thermostable enzymes in the industry is gaining ground during the last decades. Herein, we report a structure-guided approach for the development of novel and thermostable 2′-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) based on the computational design of disulfide bonds on hot spot positions. To this end, a small library of NDT variants from Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LdNDT) with introduced cysteine pairs was created. Among them, LdNDTS104C (100% retained activity) was chosen as the most thermostable variant, displaying a six- and two-fold enhanced long-term stability when stored at 55 °C (t1/255 °C ≈ 24 h) and 60 °C (t1/260 °C ≈ 4 h), respectively. Moreover, the biochemical characterization revealed that LdNDTS104C showed >60% relative activity across a broad range of temperature (30−90 °C) and pH (5−7). Finally, to study the potential application of LdNDTS104C as an industrial catalyst, the enzymatic synthesis of nelarabine was successfully carried out under different substrate conditions (1:1 and 3:1) at different reaction times. Under these experimental conditions, the production of nelarabine was increased up to 2.8-fold (72% conversion) compared with wild-type LdNDT.
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Jia M, Luo Z, Chen H, Ma B, Qiao L, Xiao Q, Zhang P, Wang A. Programmable Polyproteams of Tyrosine Ammonia Lyases as Cross-Linked Enzymes for Synthesizing p-Coumaric Acid. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070997. [PMID: 35883553 PMCID: PMC9313006 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal immobilization with enhanced biocatalyst activity and thermostability enables natural enzymes to serve as a powerful tool to yield synthetically useful chemicals in industry. Such an enzymatic method strategy becomes easier and more convenient with the use of genetic and protein engineering. Here, we developed a covalent programmable polyproteam of tyrosine ammonia lyases (TAL-CLEs) by fusing SpyTag and SpyCatcher peptides into the N-terminal and C-terminal of the TAL, respectively. The resulting circular enzymes were clear after the spontaneous isopeptide bonds formed between the SpyTag and SpyCatcher. Furthermore, the catalytic performance of the TAL-CLEs was measured via a synthesis sample of p-Coumaric acid. Our TAL-CLEs showed excellent catalytic efficiency, with 98.31 ± 1.14% yield of the target product—which is 4.15 ± 0.08 times higher than that of traditional glutaraldehyde-mediated enzyme aggregates. They also showed over four times as much enzyme-activity as wild-type TAL does and demonstrated good reusability, and so may become a good candidate for industrial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Qiao
- Correspondence: (L.Q.); (A.W.)
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Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications of Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis of Nucleosides and Nucleotides. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081147. [PMID: 34439813 PMCID: PMC8393877 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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