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Zeng J, Deng Q, Chen Z, Yan S, Dong Q, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Li L, He Y, Shi J. Recent development of VEGFR small molecule inhibitors as anticancer agents: A patent review (2021-2023). Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107278. [PMID: 38484586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
VEGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is an important regulatory factor that promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. It plays a significant role in processes such as tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. VEGFR is mainly composed of three subtypes: VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3. Among them, VEGFR-2 is the crucial signaling receptor for VEGF, which is involved in various pathological and physiological functions. At present, VEGFR-2 is closely related to a variety of cancers, such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Hepatocellular carcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, gastric cancer, glioma, etc. Consequently, VEGFR-2 serves as a crucial target for various cancer treatments. An increasing number of VEGFR inhibitors have been discovered to treat cancer, and they have achieved tremendous success in the clinic. Nevertheless, VEGFR inhibitors often exhibit severe cytotoxicity, resistance, and limitations in indications, which weaken the clinical therapeutic effect. In recent years, many small molecule inhibitors targeting VEGFR have been identified with anti-drug resistance, lower cytotoxicity, and better affinity. Here, we provide an overview of the structure and physiological functions of VEGFR, as well as some VEGFR inhibitors currently in clinical use. Also, we summarize the in vivo and in vitro activities, selectivity, structure-activity relationship, and therapeutic or preventive use of VEGFR small molecule inhibitors reported in patents in the past three years (2021-2023), thereby presenting the prospects and insights for the future development of targeted VEGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China
| | - Qichuan Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Shuang Yan
- Sichuan University of Arts and Science, DaZhou 635000, China
| | - Qin Dong
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China
| | - Yuan Cui
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Sichuan 611137, China.
| | - Yuxin He
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
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The Burden of Survivors: How Can Phage Infection Impact Non-Infected Bacteria? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032733. [PMID: 36769055 PMCID: PMC9917116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The contemporary understanding of complex interactions in natural microbial communities and the numerous mechanisms of bacterial communication challenge the classical concept of bacteria as unicellular organisms. Microbial populations, especially those in densely populated habitats, appear to behave cooperatively, coordinating their reactions in response to different stimuli and behaving as a quasi-tissue. The reaction of such systems to viral infection is likely to go beyond each cell or species tackling the phage attack independently. Bacteriophage infection of a fraction of the microbial community may also exert an influence on the physiological state and/or phenotypic features of those cells that have not yet had direct contact with the virus or are even intrinsically unable to become infected by the particular virus. These effects may be mediated by sensing the chemical signals released by lysing or by infected cells as well as by more indirect mechanisms.
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Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Cord Blood Are Altered in Gestational Diabetes and Stimulate Feto-Placental Angiogenesis In Vitro. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124257. [PMID: 34959807 PMCID: PMC8705424 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are present in maternal serum during pregnancy and their composition is altered in gestational diabetes (GDM). HMOs are also in fetal cord blood and in contact with the feto-placental endothelium, potentially affecting its functions, such as angiogenesis. We hypothesized that cord blood HMOs are changed in GDM and contribute to increased feto-placental angiogenesis, hallmark of GDM. (2) Methods: Using HPLC, we quantified HMOs in cord blood of women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 25) or GDM (n = 26). We investigated in vitro angiogenesis using primary feto-placental endothelial cells (fpECs) from term placentas after healthy pregnancy (n = 10), in presence or absence of HMOs (100 µg/mL) isolated from human milk, 3′-sialyllactose (3′SL, 30 µg/mL) and lactose (glycan control) and determined network formation (Matrigel assay), proliferation (MTT assays), actin organization (F-actin staining), tube formation (fibrin tube formation assay) and sprouting (spheroid sprouting assay). (3) Results: 3′SL was higher in GDM cord blood. HMOs increased network formation, HMOs and 3’SL increased proliferation and F-actin staining. In fibrin assays, HMOs and 3’SL increased total tube length by 24% and 25% (p < 0.05), in spheroid assays, by 32% (p < 0.05) and 21% (p = 0.056), respectively. Lactose had no effect. (4) Conclusions: Our study suggests a novel role of HMOs in feto-placental angiogenesis and indicates a contribution of HMO composition to altered feto-placental vascularization in GDM.
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