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Zou S, Zhao Z, Huang H. Palladium-Catalyzed Aminoalkylative Cyclization Enables Modular Synthesis of Exocyclic 1,3-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311603. [PMID: 37815155 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel and efficient palladium-catalyzed regioselective and stereodivergent ring-closing reaction of aminoenynes with aldehydes and boronic acids or hydrosilane is developed. This three-component reaction allows for the modular synthesis of a series of exocyclic 1,3-dienes bearing 5- to 8-membered saturated N-heterocycles. The reactions utilize a simple Pd-catalyst and work with broad range of aminoenynes, aldehydes and organometallic reagents under mild reaction conditions. The products represent useful intermediates for chemical synthesis due to the versatility of the conjugated diene. Preliminary mechanistic details of the method are also revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, P. R. China
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Chern CR, Lauková M, Schonwald A, Kudová E, Chodounská H, Chern CJ, Shakarjian MP, Velíšková J, Velíšek L. Novel neurosteroid pregnanolone pyroglutamate suppresses neurotoxicity syndrome induced by tetramethylenedisulfotetramine but is ineffective in a rodent model of infantile spasms. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:177-188. [PMID: 36422805 PMCID: PMC10785007 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurosteroids are investigated as effective antidotes for the poisoning induced by tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TMDT) as well as treatments for epileptic spasms during infancy. Both these conditions are quite resistant to pharmacotherapy; thus, a search for new treatments is warranted. METHODS In this study, we determined the efficacy of two novel neurosteroids, pregnanolone glutamate (PAG) and pregnanolone pyroglutamate (PPG), and tested these drugs in doses of 1-10 mg/kg (ip) against the TMDT syndrome and in our rodent model of infantile spasms. RESULTS Only PPG in doses 5 and 10 mg/kg suppressed the severity of the TMDT syndrome and TMDT-induced lethality, while the 1 mg/kg dose was without an effect. Interestingly, the 1 mg/kg dose of PPG in combination with 1 mg/kg of diazepam was also effective against TMDT poisoning. Neither PAG nor PPG were effective against experimental spasms in the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-triggered model of infantile spasms. CONCLUSIONS While evidence suggests that PAG can act through multiple actions which include allosteric inhibition of NMDA-induced and glycine receptor-evoked currents as well as augmentation of ɣ-aminobutyric acid subtype A (GABAA) receptor-induced currents, the agent appears to neither have the appropriate mechanistic signature for activity in the infantile spasm model, nor the adequate potency, relative to PPG, for ameliorating the TMDT syndrome. The full mechanisms of action of PPG, which may become a potent TMDT antidote either alone or in combination with diazepam are yet unknown and thus require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chian-Ru Chern
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Marcela Lauková
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Antonia Schonwald
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Eva Kudová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Chodounská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Chian-Jiang Chern
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Michael P Shakarjian
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Science Program, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Ln W, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jana Velíšková
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Libor Velíšek
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
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Tang W, Beckley JT, Zhang J, Song R, Xu Y, Kim S, Quirk MC, Robichaud AJ, Diaz ES, Myers SJ, Doherty JJ, Ackley MA, Traynelis SF, Yuan H. Novel neuroactive steroids as positive allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors: mechanism, site of action, and rescue pharmacology on GRIN variants associated with neurological conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:42. [PMID: 36645496 PMCID: PMC10644378 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play vital roles in normal brain functions (i.e., learning, memory, and neuronal development) and various neuropathological conditions, such as epilepsy, autism, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury. Endogenous neuroactive steroids such as 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24(S)-HC) have been shown to influence NMDAR activity, and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) derived from 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol scaffold can also enhance NMDAR function. This study describes the structural determinants and mechanism of action for 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and two novel synthetic analogs (SGE-550 and SGE-301) on NMDAR function. We also show that these agents can mitigate the altered function caused by a set of loss-of-function missense variants in NMDAR GluN subunit-encoding GRIN genes associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. We anticipate that the evaluation of novel neuroactive steroid NMDAR PAMs may catalyze the development of new treatment strategies for GRIN-related neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | | | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Eva Sarai Diaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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The Neuroactive Steroid Pregnanolone Glutamate: Anticonvulsant Effect, Metabolites and Its Effect on Neurosteroid Levels in Developing Rat Brains. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010049. [PMID: 35056106 PMCID: PMC8780580 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnanolone glutamate (PA-G) is a neuroactive steroid that has been previously demonstrated to be a potent neuroprotective compound in several biological models in vivo. Our in vitro experiments identified PA-G as an inhibitor of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and a potentiator of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAARs). In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that combined GABAAR potentiation and NMDAR antagonism could afford a potent anticonvulsant effect. Our results demonstrated the strong age-related anticonvulsive effect of PA-G in a model of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. PA-G significantly decreased seizure severity in 12-day-old animals, but only after the highest dose in 25-day-old animals. Interestingly, the anticonvulsant effect of PA-G differed both qualitatively and quantitatively from that of zuranolone, an investigational neurosteroid acting as a potent positive allosteric modulator of GABAARs. Next, we identified 17-hydroxy-pregnanolone (17-OH-PA) as a major metabolite of PA-G in 12-day-old animals. Finally, the administration of PA-G demonstrated direct modulation of unexpected neurosteroid levels, namely pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. These results suggest that compound PA-G might be a pro-drug of 17-OH-PA, a neurosteroid with a promising neuroprotective effect with an unknown mechanism of action that may represent an attractive target for studying perinatal neural diseases.
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