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Lin SM, Huang HT, Fang PJ, Chang CF, Satange R, Chang CK, Chou SH, Neidle S, Hou MH. Structural basis of water-mediated cis Watson-Crick/Hoogsteen base-pair formation in non-CpG methylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:8566-8579. [PMID: 38989613 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-CpG methylation is associated with several cellular processes, especially neuronal development and cancer, while its effect on DNA structure remains unclear. We have determined the crystal structures of DNA duplexes containing -CGCCG- regions as CCG repeat motifs that comprise a non-CpG site with or without cytosine methylation. Crystal structure analyses have revealed that the mC:G base-pair can simultaneously form two alternative conformations arising from non-CpG methylation, including a unique water-mediated cis Watson-Crick/Hoogsteen, (w)cWH, and Watson-Crick (WC) geometries, with partial occupancies of 0.1 and 0.9, respectively. NMR studies showed that an alternative conformation of methylated mC:G base-pair at non-CpG step exhibits characteristics of cWH with a syn-guanosine conformation in solution. DNA duplexes complexed with the DNA binding drug echinomycin result in increased occupancy of the (w)cWH geometry in the methylated base-pair (from 0.1 to 0.3). Our structural results demonstrated that cytosine methylation at a non-CpG step leads to an anti→syntransition of its complementary guanosine residue toward the (w)cWH geometry as a partial population of WC, in both drug-bound and naked mC:G base pairs. This particular geometry is specific to non-CpG methylated dinucleotide sites in B-form DNA. Overall, the current study provides new insights into DNA conformation during epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Meng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ti Huang
- Graduate Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Fang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fon Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Roshan Satange
- Graduate Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ke Chang
- Taiwan Biobank, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Stephen Neidle
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ming-Hon Hou
- Graduate Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Doctoral Program in Medical Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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2
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Meng H, Yang R, Lin Q, Du W, Chu Z, Cao Y, Du M, Zhao Y, Xu J, Yang Z, Xie X, He L, Huang C. Isorhapontigenin inhibition of basal muscle-invasive bladder cancer attributed to its downregulation of SNHG1 and DNMT3b. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:737. [PMID: 38879516 PMCID: PMC11180402 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BC) is among the most prevalent malignant urothelial tumors globally, yet the prognosis for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) remains dismal, with a very poor 5-year survival rate. Consequently, identifying more effective and less toxic chemotherapeutic alternatives is critical for enhancing clinical outcomes for BC patients. Isorhapontigenin (ISO), a novel stilbene isolated from a Gnetum found in certain provinces of China, has shown potential as an anticancer agent due to its diverse anticancer activities. Despite its promising profile, the specific anticancer effects of ISO on BC and the underlying mechanisms are still largely unexplored. METHODS The anchorage-independent growth, migration and invasion of BC cells were assessed by soft agar and transwell invasion assays, respectively. The RNA levels of SOX2, miR-129 and SNHG1 were quantified by qRT-PCR, while the protein expression levels were validated through Western blotting. Furthermore, methylation-specific PCR was employed to assess the methylation status of the miR-129 promoter. Functional assays utilized siRNA knockdown, plasmid-mediated overexpression, and chemical inhibition approaches. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that ISO treatment significantly reduced SNHG1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in BC cells, leading to the inhibition of anchorage-independent growth and invasion in human basal MIBC cells. This effect was accompanied by the downregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and the upregulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that SOX2, a key upstream regulator of SNHG1, played a crucial role in mediating the ISO-induced transcriptional suppression of SNHG1. Additionally, we found that ISO treatment led to a decrease in DNMT3b protein levels, which in turn mediated the hypomethylation of the miR-129 promoter and the subsequent suppression of SOX2 mRNA 3'-UTR activity, highlighting a novel pathway through which ISO exerts its anticancer effects. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study highlights the critical role of SNHG1 downregulation as well as its upstream DNMT3b/miR-129/SOX2 axis in mediating ISO anticancer activity. These findings not only elucidate the mechanism of action of ISO but also suggest novel targets for BC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325053, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Qianqian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325053, China
| | - Wenqi Du
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zheng Chu
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yaxin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325053, China
| | - Mengxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325053, China
| | - Yazhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325053, China
| | - Jiheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325053, China
| | - Xiaomin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Lijiong He
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325053, China
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325053, China.
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Wu H, Zhang L, He L, Lin W, Yu B, Yu X, Lin Y. Roles and mechanisms of biomechanical-biochemical coupling in pelvic organ prolapse. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1303044. [PMID: 38410754 PMCID: PMC10894963 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1303044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a significant contributor to hysterectomy among middle-aged and elderly women. However, there are challenges in terms of dedicated pharmaceutical solutions and targeted interventions for POP. The primary characteristics of POP include compromised mechanical properties of uterine ligaments and dysfunction within the vaginal support structure, often resulting from delivery-related injuries. Fibroblasts secrete extracellular matrix, which, along with the cytoskeleton, forms the structural foundation that ensures proper biomechanical function of the fascial system. This system is crucial for maintaining the anatomical position of each pelvic floor organ. By systematically exploring the roles and mechanisms of biomechanical-biochemical transformations in POP, we can understand the impact of forces on the injury and repair of these organs. A comprehensive analysis of the literature revealed that the extracellular matrix produced by fibroblasts, as well as their cytoskeleton, undergoes alterations in patient tissues and cellular models of POP. Additionally, various signaling pathways, including TGF-β1/Smad, Gpx1, PI3K/AKT, p38/MAPK, and Nr4a1, are implicated in the biomechanical-biochemical interplay of fibroblasts. This systematic review of the biomechanical-biochemical interplay in fibroblasts in POP not only enhances our understanding of its underlying causes but also establishes a theoretical foundation for future clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaye Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenyi Lin
- Department of Medical Pathology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Medical Pathology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghong Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Incorvaia L, Perez A, Marchetti C, Brando C, Gristina V, Cancelliere D, Pivetti A, Contino S, Di Giovanni E, Barraco N, Bono M, Giurintano A, Bazan Russo TD, Gottardo A, Cutaia S, Pedone E, Peri M, Corsini LR, Fanale D, Galvano A, Scambia G, Badalamenti G, Russo A, Bazan V. Theranostic biomarkers and PARP-inhibitors effectiveness in patients with non-BRCA associated homologous recombination deficient tumors: Still looking through a dirty glass window? Cancer Treat Rev 2023; 121:102650. [PMID: 37939446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2023.102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) deleterious variants were the first and, still today, the main biomarkers of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP)-inhibitors (PARPis) benefit. The recent, increased, numbers of individuals referred for counseling and multigene panel testing, and the remarkable expansion of approved PARPis, not restricted to BRCA1/BRCA2-Pathogenic Variants (PVs), produced a strong clinical need for non-BRCA biomarkers. Significant limitations of the current testing and assays exist. The different approaches that identify the causes of Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD), such as the germline and somatic Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) gene PVs, the testing showing its consequences, such as the genomic scars, or the novel functional assays such as the RAD51 foci testing, are not interchangeable, and should not be considered as substitutes for each other in clinical practice for guiding use of PARPi in non-BRCA, HRD-associated tumors. Today, the deeper knowledge on the significant relationship among all proteins involved in the HRR, not limited to BRCA, expands the possibility of a successful non-BRCA, HRD-PARPi synthetic lethality and, at the same time, reinforces the need for enhanced definition of HRD biomarkers predicting the magnitude of PARPi benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Incorvaia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Perez
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Marchetti
- Department of Woman's and Child Health and Public Health Sciences, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Brando
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valerio Gristina
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Cancelliere
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Pivetti
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Contino
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Emilia Di Giovanni
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Barraco
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Bono
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ambra Giurintano
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tancredi Didier Bazan Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Gottardo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sofia Cutaia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Erika Pedone
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Peri
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lidia Rita Corsini
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Fanale
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Galvano
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Woman's and Child Health and Public Health Sciences, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Badalamenti
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Viviana Bazan
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Srivastava R, Singh R, Jauhari S, Lodhi N, Srivastava R. Histone Demethylase Modulation: Epigenetic Strategy to Combat Cancer Progression. EPIGENOMES 2023; 7:epigenomes7020010. [PMID: 37218871 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are heritable, reversible changes in histones or the DNA that control gene functions, being exogenous to the genomic sequence itself. Human diseases, particularly cancer, are frequently connected to epigenetic dysregulations. One of them is histone methylation, which is a dynamically reversible and synchronously regulated process that orchestrates the three-dimensional epigenome, nuclear processes of transcription, DNA repair, cell cycle, and epigenetic functions, by adding or removing methylation groups to histones. Over the past few years, reversible histone methylation has become recognized as a crucial regulatory mechanism for the epigenome. With the development of numerous medications that target epigenetic regulators, epigenome-targeted therapy has been used in the treatment of malignancies and has shown meaningful therapeutic potential in preclinical and clinical trials. The present review focuses on the recent advances in our knowledge on the role of histone demethylases in tumor development and modulation, in emphasizing molecular mechanisms that control cancer cell progression. Finally, we emphasize current developments in the advent of new molecular inhibitors that target histone demethylases to regulate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rubi Singh
- Department of Hematology, Bioreference Laboratories, Elmwood Park, NJ 07407, USA
| | - Shaurya Jauhari
- Division of Education, Training, and Assessment, Global Education Center, Infosys Limited, Mysuru 570027, Karnataka, India
| | - Niraj Lodhi
- Clinical Research (Research and Development Division) Mirna Analytics LLC, Harlem Bio-Space, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rakesh Srivastava
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, GenTox Research and Development, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Xie T, Guo D, Guo T, Zhu Y, Li F, Zhang S, Lang J, Sun Z. The protective effect of 17 β-estradiol on human uterosacral ligament fibroblasts from postmenopausal women with pelvic organ prolapse. Front Physiol 2022; 13:980843. [PMID: 36299259 PMCID: PMC9589284 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.980843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the protective effects of 17 β-estradiol on the human uterosacral ligament fibroblasts (hUSLFs) under static or stretched conditions. The experiments were performed on hUSLFs derived from pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and non-POP patients. Fibroblasts were cultured after collagenase digestion and identified by morphological observation and immunocytochemical methods. 17 β-estradiol (10−10 M and 10−9 M) and mechanical stress induced by the FX-5000 T-cell stress loading system under a loading strain of 1/2 sin waveform uniaxial cyclic stress with a tensile strain of 20% and a frequency of 0.5 Hz were either or both applied on hUSLFs. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK8, and cell apoptosis and death were detected using Annexin V/7-AAD staining and flow cytometric analysis. We found that the fibroblasts growth rate of POP patients was significantly lower than controls. The cell apoptosis and death rate increased as the mechanical load intensifying. After 20% mechanical stretching for 24 h, the dead cell rate was higher in POP than control. Notably, 17 β-estradiol treatment reversed mechanical stress induced hUSLFs apoptosis and death in both POP and Control cells. The protein and mRNA levels of anti-apoptotic PARP1 (poly-ADP-ribose polymerase) and Bcl-2 were increased by estrogen treatment. Meanwhile, expression of estrogen receptor α, a target of Poly-ADP-Ribosylation of PARP1, was also enhanced by 17 β-estradiol under the mechanical load. In conclusion, estrogen application ameliorates the mechanical strain induced cell apoptosis and death in hUSLFs from POP patients. PARP1 might be involved in this protective process, providing novel insights into the mechanical biology of and possible therapies for POP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yapei Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghe Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijing Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijing Sun,
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