1
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Shi L, Derouiche A, Pandit S, Alazmi M, Ventroux M, Køhler JB, Noirot-Gros MF, Gao X, Mijakovic I. Connection between protein-tyrosine kinase inhibition and coping with oxidative stress in Bacillus subtilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321890121. [PMID: 38857388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321890121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, attenuation of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation occurs during oxidative stress. The main described mechanism behind this effect is the H2O2-triggered conversion of bacterial phospho-tyrosines to protein-bound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. This disrupts the bacterial tyrosine phosphorylation-based signaling network, which alters the bacterial polysaccharide biosynthesis. Herein, we report an alternative mechanism, in which oxidative stress leads to a direct inhibition of bacterial protein-tyrosine kinases (BY-kinases). We show that DefA, a minor peptide deformylase, inhibits the activity of BY-kinase PtkA when Bacillus subtilis is exposed to oxidative stress. High levels of PtkA activity are known to destabilize B. subtilis pellicle formation, which leads to higher sensitivity to oxidative stress. Interaction with DefA inhibits both PtkA autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of its substrate Ugd, which is involved in exopolysaccharide formation. Inactivation of defA drastically reduces the capacity of B. subtilis to cope with oxidative stress, but it does not affect the major oxidative stress regulons PerR, OhrR, and Spx, indicating that PtkA inhibition is the main pathway for DefA involvement in this stress response. Structural analysis identified DefA residues Asn95, Tyr150, and Glu152 as essential for interaction with PtkA. Inhibition of PtkA depends also on the presence of a C-terminal α-helix of DefA, which resembles PtkA-interacting motifs from known PtkA activators, TkmA, SalA, and MinD. Loss of either the key interacting residues or the inhibitory helix of DefA abolishes inhibition of PtkA in vitro and impairs postoxidative stress recovery in vivo, confirming the involvement of these structural features in the proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Abderahmane Derouiche
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- Computational Bioscience Research Center Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Santosh Pandit
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Meshari Alazmi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha'il, HailHa'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
- Computer Science Program Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Magali Ventroux
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78352, France
| | - Julie Bonne Køhler
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Biosustain, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | | | - Xin Gao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Computer Science Program Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Biosustain, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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2
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França TC, Saïdi F, Ajamian A, Islam ST, LaPlante SR. Molecular Dynamics of Outer Membrane-Embedded Polysaccharide Secretion Porins Reveals Closed Resting-State Surface Gates Targetable by Virtual Fragment Screening for Drug Hotspot Identification. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13217-13226. [PMID: 38524450 PMCID: PMC10955716 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in iterative neural network analyses (e.g., AlphaFold2 and RoseTTA fold) have been revolutionary for protein 3D structure prediction, especially for difficult-to-manipulate α-helical/β-barrel integral membrane proteins. These model structures are calculated based on the coevolution of amino acids within the protein of interest and similarities to existing protein structures; the local effects of the membrane on folding and stability of the calculated model structures are not considered. We recently reported the discovery, 3D modeling, and characterization of 18-β-stranded outer-membrane (OM) WzpX, WzpS, and WzpB β-barrel secretion porins for the exopolysaccharide (EPS), major spore coat polysaccharide (MASC), and biosurfactant polysaccharide (BPS) pathways (respectively) in the Gram-negative social predatory bacterium Myxococcus xanthus DZ2. However, information was not obtained regarding the dynamic behavior of surface-gating WzpX/S/B loop domains or on potential treatments to inactivate these porins. Herein, we developed a molecular dynamics (MD) protocol to study the core stability and loop dynamism of neural network-based integral membrane protein structure models embedded in an asymmetric OM bilayer, using the M. xanthus WzpX, WzpS, and WzpB proteins as test candidates. This was accomplished through integration of the CHARMM-graphical user interface (GUI) and Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) workflows to allow for a rapid simulation system setup and facilitate data analysis. In addition to serving as a method of model structure validation, our molecular dynamics simulations revealed a minimal movement of extracellular WzpX/S/B loops in the absence of an external stimulus as well as druggable cavities between the loops. Virtual screening of a commercial fragment library against these cavities revealed putative fragment-binding hotspots on the cell-surface face of each β-barrel, along with key interacting residues, and identified promising hits for the design of potential binders capable of plugging the β-barrels and inhibiting polysaccharide secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanos
C. C. França
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie, Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho
62, 50003 Hradec
Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Fares Saïdi
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie, Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alain Ajamian
- Chemical
Computing Group, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2R7, Canada
| | - Salim T. Islam
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie, Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Steven R. LaPlante
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie, Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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3
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Liu L, Xu F, Lei J, Wang P, Zhang L, Wang J, Zhao J, Mao D, Ye X, Huang Y, Hu G, Cui Z, Li Z. Genome analysis of a plasmid-bearing myxobacterim Myxococcus sp. strain MxC21 with salt-tolerant property. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1250602. [PMID: 37789850 PMCID: PMC10544341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1250602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxobacteria are widely distributed in various habitats of soil and oceanic sediment. However, it is unclear whether soil-dwelling myxobacteria tolerate a saline environment. In this study, a salt-tolerant myxobacterium Myxococcus sp. strain MxC21 was isolated from forest soil with NaCl tolerance >2% concentration. Under 1% salt-contained condition, strain MxC21 could kill and consume bacteria prey and exhibited complex social behaviors such as S-motility, biofilm, and fruiting body formation but adopted an asocial living pattern with the presence of 1.5% NaCl. To investigate the genomic basis of stress tolerance, the complete genome of MxC21 was sequenced and analyzed. Strain MxC21 consists of a circular chromosome with a total length of 9.13 Mbp and a circular plasmid of 64.3 kb. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the genomes of strain MxC21 and M. xanthus DK1622 share high genome synteny, while no endogenous plasmid was found in DK1622. Further analysis showed that approximately 21% of its coding genes from the genome of strain MxC21 are predominantly associated with signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and protein folding involved in diverse niche adaptation such as salt tolerance, which enables social behavior such as gliding motility, sporulation, and predation. Meantime, a high number of genes are also found to be involved in defense against oxidative stress and production of antimicrobial compounds. All of these functional genes may be responsible for the potential salt-toleration. Otherwise, strain MxC21 is the second reported myxobacteria containing indigenous plasmid, while only a small proportion of genes was specific to the circular plasmid of strain MxC21, and most of them were annotated as hypothetical proteins, which may have a direct relationship with the habitat adaptation of strain MxC21 under saline environment. This study provides an inspiration of the adaptive evolution of salt-tolerant myxobacterium and facilitates a potential application in the improvement of saline soil in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengjuan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Lei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingya Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Saïdi F, Mahanta U, Panda A, Kezzo AA, Jolivet NY, Bitazar R, John G, Martinez M, Mellouk A, Calmettes C, Chang YW, Sharma G, Islam ST. Bacterial Outer Membrane Polysaccharide Export (OPX) Proteins Occupy Three Structural Classes with Selective β-Barrel Porin Requirements for Polymer Secretion. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0129022. [PMID: 36200915 PMCID: PMC9603273 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01290-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of high-molecular-weight polysaccharides across the bacterial envelope is ubiquitous, as it enhances prokaryotic survival in (a)biotic settings. Such polymers are often assembled by Wzx/Wzy- or ABC transporter-dependent schemes implicating outer membrane (OM) polysaccharide export (OPX) proteins in cell-surface polymer translocation. In the social predatory bacterium Myxococcus xanthus, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) pathway WzaX, major spore coat (MASC) pathway WzaS, and biosurfactant polysaccharide (BPS) pathway WzaB were herein found to be truncated OPX homologues of Escherichia coli Wza lacking OM-spanning α-helices. Comparative genomics across all bacteria (>91,000 OPX proteins identified and analyzed), complemented with cryo-electron tomography cell-envelope analyses, revealed such "truncated" WzaX/S/B architecture to be the most common among three defined OPX-protein structural classes independent of periplasm thickness. Fold recognition and deep learning revealed the conserved M. xanthus proteins MXAN_7418/3226/1916 (encoded beside wzaX/S/B, respectively) to be integral OM β-barrels, with structural homology to the poly-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine synthase-dependent pathway porin PgaA. Such bacterial porins were identified near numerous genes for all three OPX protein classes. Interior MXAN_7418/3226/1916 β-barrel electrostatics were found to match properties of their associated polymers. With MXAN_3226 essential for MASC export, and MXAN_7418 herein shown to mediate EPS translocation, we have designated this new secretion machinery component "Wzp" (i.e., Wz porin), with the final step of M. xanthus EPS/MASC/BPS secretion across the OM now proposed to be mediated by WzpX/S/B (i.e., MXAN_7418/3226/1916). Importantly, these data support a novel and widespread secretion paradigm for polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways in which those containing OPX components that cannot span the OM instead utilize β-barrel porins to mediate polysaccharide transport across the OM. IMPORTANCE Diverse bacteria assemble and secrete polysaccharides that alter their physiologies through modulation of motility, biofilm formation, and host immune system evasion. Most such pathways require outer membrane (OM) polysaccharide export (OPX) proteins for sugar-polymer transport to the cell surface. In the prototypic Escherichia coli Group-1-capsule biosynthesis system, eight copies of this canonical OPX protein cross the OM with an α-helix, forming a polysaccharide-export pore. Herein, we instead reveal that most OPX proteins across all bacteria lack this α-helix, raising questions as to the manner by which most secreted polysaccharides actually exit cells. In the model developmental bacterium Myxococcus xanthus, we show this process to depend on OPX-coupled OM-spanning β-barrel porins, with similar porins encoded near numerous OPX genes in diverse bacteria. Knowledge of the terminal polysaccharide secretion step will enable development of antimicrobial compounds targeted to blocking polymer export from outside the cell, thus bypassing any requirements for antimicrobial compound uptake by the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Saïdi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Utkarsha Mahanta
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Adyasha Panda
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ahmad A. Kezzo
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Y. Jolivet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Razieh Bitazar
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gavin John
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abdelkader Mellouk
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles Calmettes
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Salim T. Islam
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Saïdi F, Gamboa Marin OJ, Veytia-Bucheli JI, Vinogradov E, Ravicoularamin G, Jolivet NY, Kezzo AA, Ramirez Esquivel E, Panda A, Sharma G, Vincent S, Gauthier C, Islam ST. Evaluation of Azido 3-Deoxy-d- manno-oct-2-ulosonic Acid (Kdo) Analogues for Click Chemistry-Mediated Metabolic Labeling of Myxococcus xanthus DZ2 Lipopolysaccharide. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34997-35013. [PMID: 36211050 PMCID: PMC9535733 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic labeling paired with click chemistry is a powerful approach for selectively imaging the surfaces of diverse bacteria. Herein, we explored the feasibility of labeling the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Myxococcus xanthus-a Gram-negative predatory social bacterium known to display complex outer membrane (OM) dynamics-via growth in the presence of distinct azido (-N3) analogues of 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo). Determination of the LPS carbohydrate structure from strain DZ2 revealed the presence of one Kdo sugar in the core oligosaccharide, modified with phosphoethanolamine. The production of 8-azido-8-deoxy-Kdo (8-N3-Kdo) was then greatly improved over previous reports via optimization of the synthesis of its 5-azido-5-deoxy-d-arabinose precursor to yield gram amounts. The novel analogue 7-azido-7-deoxy-Kdo (7-N3-Kdo) was also synthesized, with both analogues capable of undergoing in vitro strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) "click" chemistry reactions. Slower and faster growth of M. xanthus was displayed in the presence of 8-N3-Kdo and 7-N3-Kdo (respectively) compared to untreated cells, with differences also seen for single-cell gliding motility and type IV pilus-dependent swarm community expansion. While the surfaces of 8-N3-Kdo-grown cells were fluorescently labeled following treatment with dibenzocyclooctyne-linked fluorophores, the surfaces of 7-N3-Kdo-grown cells could not undergo fluorescent tagging. Activity analysis of the KdsB enzyme required to activate Kdo prior to its integration into nascent LPS molecules revealed that while 8-N3-Kdo is indeed a substrate of the enzyme, 7-N3-Kdo is not. Though a lack of M. xanthus cell aggregation was shown to expedite growth in liquid culture, 7-N3-Kdo-grown cells did not manifest differences in intrinsic clumping relative to untreated cells, suggesting that 7-N3-Kdo may instead be catabolized by the cells. Ultimately, these data provide important insights into the synthesis and cellular processing of valuable metabolic labels and establish a basis for the elucidation of fundamental principles of OM dynamism in live bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Saïdi
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)−Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Oscar Javier Gamboa Marin
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)−Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
- Unité
Mixte de Recherche INRS-UQAC, INRS−Centre AFSB, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
(UQAC), Chicoutimi, Quebec G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - José Ignacio Veytia-Bucheli
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry−Namur Research
Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University
of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- Vaccine
Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Gokulakrishnan Ravicoularamin
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)−Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
- Unité
Mixte de Recherche INRS-UQAC, INRS−Centre AFSB, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
(UQAC), Chicoutimi, Quebec G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Nicolas Y. Jolivet
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)−Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ahmad A. Kezzo
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)−Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Eric Ramirez Esquivel
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)−Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Adyasha Panda
- Institute
of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560100, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Institute
of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560100, India
| | - Stéphane
P. Vincent
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry−Namur Research
Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University
of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)−Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
- Unité
Mixte de Recherche INRS-UQAC, INRS−Centre AFSB, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
(UQAC), Chicoutimi, Quebec G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Salim T. Islam
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)−Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Université
du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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