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Stepanov YK, Herrmann C, Stöckl JB, Köhn FM, Pickl U, Trottmann M, Fröhlich T, Mayerhofer A, Welter H. Prolonged exposure to dexamethasone alters the proteome and cellular phenotype of human testicular peritubular cells. Proteomics 2024:e2300616. [PMID: 38419139 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Human testicular peritubular cells (HTPCs) are smooth muscle cells, which in the testis form a small compartment surrounding the seminiferous tubules. Contractions of HTPCs are responsible for sperm transport, HTPCs contribute to spermatogenesis, have immunological roles and are a site of glucocorticoid receptor expression. Importantly, HTPCs maintain their characteristics in vitro, and thus can serve as an experimental window into the male gonad. Previously we reported consequences of 3-day treatment with Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid and multi-purpose anti-inflammatory drug. However, as glucocorticoid therapies in man often last longer, we now studied consequences of a prolonged 7-day exposure to 1 µM Dex. Combining live cell imaging with quantative proteomics of samples taken from men, we confirmed our recent findings but more importantly, found numerous novel proteomic alterations induced by prolonged Dex treatment. The comparison of the 7-day treatment with the 3-day treatment dataset revealed that extracellular matrix- and focal adhesion-related proteins become more prominent after 7 days of treatment. In contrast, extended stimulation is, for example, associated with a decrease of proteins related to cholesterol and steroid metabolism. Our dataset, which describes phenotypic and proteomic alterations, is a valuable resource for further research projects investigating effects of Dex on human testicular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli K Stepanov
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Herrmann
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, AG Mayerhofer, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan B Stöckl
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, AG Mayerhofer, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Harald Welter
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, AG Mayerhofer, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Gong Q, Lv X, Liao C, Liang A, Luo C, Wu J, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Tong Z. Single-cell RNA sequencing combined with proteomics of infected macrophages reveals prothymosin-α as a target for treatment of apical periodontitis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00031-6. [PMID: 38237771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) is a common infectious disease of the oral cavity. Immune responses and osteoclastogenesis of monocytes/macrophages play a crucial role in CAP progression, and this study want to clarify role of monocytes/macrophages in CAP, which will contribute to treatment of CAP. OBJECTIVES We aim to explore the heterogeneity of monocyte populations in periapical lesion of CAP tissues and healthy control (HC) periodontal tissues by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), search novel targets for alleviating CAP, and further validate it by proteomics and in vitro and in vivo evaluations. METHODS ScRNA-seq was used to analyze the heterogeneity of monocyte populations in CAP, and proteomics of THP-1-derived macrophages with porphyromonas gingivalis infection were intersected with the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of macrophages between CAP and HC tissues. The upregulated PTMA (prothymosin-α) were validated by immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. We evaluated the effect of thymosin α1 (an amino-terminal proteolytic cleavage product of PTMA protein) on inflammatory factors and osteoclast differentiation of macrophages infected by P. gingivalis. Furthermore, we constructed mouse and rat mandibular bone lesions caused by apical periodontitis, and estimated treatment of systemic and topical administration of PTMA for CAP. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software (v9.2) RESULTS: Monocytes were divided into seven sub-clusters comprising monocyte-macrophage-osteoclast (MMO) differentiation in CAP. 14 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated genes and proteins were intersected between the DEGs of scRNA-seq data and proteomics, including the high expression of PTMA. Thymosin α1 may decrease several inflammatory cytokine expressions and osteoclastogenesis of THP-1-derived macrophages. Both systemic administration in mice and topical administration in the pulp chamber of rats alleviated periapical lesions. CONCLUSIONS PTMA upregulation in CAP moderates the inflammatory response and prevents the osteoclastogenesis of macrophages, which provides a basis for targeted therapeutic strategies for CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimei Gong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomin Lv
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenxi Liao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ailin Liang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuiting Luo
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanling Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yihua Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhongchun Tong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Romdhani I, Gallo A, Venditti M, Abelouah MR, Varchetta R, Najahi H, Boukadida K, Boni R, Alla AA, Minucci S, Banni M. Unveiling the impact of environmental microplastics on mussel spermatozoa: First evidence of prothymosin-α detection in invertebrate's male gametes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132521. [PMID: 37717447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels, like many other marine invertebrates, employ external fertilization as a mating strategy, exposing their gametes to various contaminants upon release into seawater. Environmental microplastics (EMP) are prevalent marine pollutants that pose a significant threat to aquatic biota. In this regard, our study aimed to investigate the potential effects of exposing mussels' male gametes to increasing concentrations of EMP (1, 10, 50, and 100 μg/l) collected from a Mediterranean sandy beach. We focused on assessing gamete quality by analysing physiological parameters such as viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, oxidative status, and motility. Additionally, we evaluated DNA integrity and activation of apoptosis. Furthermore, our study aimed to detect the presence of the prothymosin-α (PTMA) protein, which has never been previously investigated in invertebrate spermatozoa. Our data revealed that exposure of mussel spermatozoa to EMPs altered their oxidative status and mitochondrial membrane potential, induced a decrease in motility, DNA integrity, and an increased apoptotic occurrence, leading to a decline in overall viability. The localization of PTMA into the head and flagellum of spermatozoa further supported its presence and susceptibility to the effects of microplastics. These findings raise concerns about the reproductive capacity of mussels under environmental microplastic pollution and highlight potential long-term threats to population sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilef Romdhani
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse,Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Tunisia; Department of Experimental Medicine, University Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, ViaSanta Maria di Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gallo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Venditti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, ViaSanta Maria di Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mohamed Rida Abelouah
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse,Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Tunisia; Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Rita Varchetta
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Hana Najahi
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse,Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Khouloud Boukadida
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse,Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Raffaele Boni
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, PZ, Italy
| | - Aicha Ait Alla
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Sergio Minucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, ViaSanta Maria di Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse,Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Tunisia.
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Romano MZ, Boccella S, Venditti M, Maione S, Minucci S. Morphological and molecular changes in the Harderian gland of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:915-924. [PMID: 37522474 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Using a rat model of type 1 diabetes (T1D) obtained by treatment with streptozotocin, an antibiotic that destroys pancreatic β-cells, we evaluated the influence of subsequent hyperglycemia on the morphology and physiology of the Harderian gland (HG). HG is located in the medial corner of the orbit of many terrestrial vertebrates and, in rodents, is characterized by the presence of porphyrins, which being involved in the phototransduction, through photo-oxidation, produce reactive oxygen species activating the autophagy pathway. The study focused on the expression of some morphological markers involved in cell junction formation (occludin, connexin-43, and α-tubulin) and mast cell number (MCN), as well as autophagic and apoptotic pathways. The expression of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis [steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD)] and the level of lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay were also evaluated. The results strongly indicate, for the first time, that T1D has a negative impact on the pathophysiology of rat HG, as evidenced by increased oxidative stress, morphological and biochemical alterations, hyperproduction and secretion of porphyrins, increased MCN, reduced protein levels of StAR and 3β-HSD, and, finally, induced autophagy and apoptosis. All the combined data support the use of the rat HG as a suitable experimental model to elucidate the molecular damage/survival pathways elicited by stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zelinda Romano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Venditti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Sergio Minucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
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Scheliga I, Baston-Buest DM, Poschmann G, Stuehler K, Kruessel JS, Bielfeld AP. Closer to the Reality-Proteome Changes Evoked by Endometrial Scratching in Fertile Females. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13577. [PMID: 37686380 PMCID: PMC10488085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial scratching (ES) has been widely used in assisted reproductive technology to possibly improve pregnancy rates, but its exact mechanism is still not understood or investigated, and its benefits are controversially discussed. Hypothetically, ES may trigger a local immune response, leading to an improved endometrial receptivity. So far, it has been shown that ES affects the gene expression of cytokines, growth factors, and adhesive proteins, potentially modulating inflammatory pathways and adhesion molecule expression. Our pilot study applying proteomic analysis reveals that ES probably has an impact on the proteins involved in immune response pathways and cytoskeleton formation, which could potentially increase endometrial receptivity. Specifically, proteins that are involved in the immune response and cytoskeleton regulation showed a trend toward higher abundance after the first ES. On the other hand, proteins with a decreasing abundance after the first ES play roles in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cellular processes such as intracellular transport, apoptosis, and autophagy. These trends in protein changes suggest that ES may affect endometrial tissue stiffness and extracellular matrix remodeling, potentially enhancing the embryos' implantation. To our knowledge, this pilot study provides, for the first time, data investigating potential changes in the endometrium due to the scratching procedure that might explain its possible benefit for patients in infertility treatment. Furthermore, the proteome of a group of patients suffering from repeated implantation failure was compared to that of the fertile group in order to transfer the basic science to clinical routine and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Scheliga
- Department of OB/GYN and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40255 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dunja M Baston-Buest
- Department of OB/GYN and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40255 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stuehler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan-Steffen Kruessel
- Department of OB/GYN and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40255 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra P Bielfeld
- Department of OB/GYN and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40255 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Venditti M, Ben Hadj Hassine M, Messaoudi I, Minucci S. The simultaneous administration of microplastics and cadmium alters rat testicular activity and changes the expression of PTMA, DAAM1 and PREP. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1145702. [PMID: 36968197 PMCID: PMC10033688 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1145702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper confirms the damaging effects produced by MP and Cd on testicular activity in the rat. Oral treatment with both chemicals resulted in testicular damage, documented by biomolecular and histological alterations, particularly by impaired morphometric parameters, increased apoptosis, reduced testosterone synthesis, and downregulation of the steroidogenic enzyme 3β-HSD. We also demonstrated, for the first time, that both MP and Cd can affect the protein level of PTMA, a small peptide that regulates germ cell proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, the cytoarchitecture of testicular cells was also altered by the treatments, as evidenced by the impaired expression and localization of DAAM1 and PREP, two proteins involved in actin- and microtubule-associated processes, respectively, during germ cells differentiation into spermatozoa, impairing normal spermatogenesis. Finally, we showed that the effect of simultaneous treatment with MP and Cd were more severe than those produced by MP alone and less harmful than those of Cd alone. This could be due to the different ways of exposure of the two substances to rats (in drinking water for Cd and in oral gavage for MP), since being the first contact in the animals’ gastrointestinal tract, MP can adsorb Cd, reducing its bioavailability through the Trojan-horse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venditti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sez. Fisiologia Umana e Funzioni Biologiche Integrate “F. Bottazzi”, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimo Venditti, ; Sergio Minucci,
| | - Majida Ben Hadj Hassine
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-ressourcés, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imed Messaoudi
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-ressourcés, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sergio Minucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sez. Fisiologia Umana e Funzioni Biologiche Integrate “F. Bottazzi”, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimo Venditti, ; Sergio Minucci,
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Donizetti A, Venditti M, Arcaniolo D, Aliperti V, Carrese AM, De Sio M, Minucci S, Caraglia M, Aniello F. The long non-coding RNA transcript, LOC100130460 (CAND1.11) gene, encodes a novel protein highly expressed in cancer cells and tumor human testis tissues. Cancer Biomark 2023; 38:343-353. [PMID: 37661873 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-230160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testis-specific genes encoding for long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) have been detected in several cancers; many produce proteins with restricted or aberrant expression patterns in normal or cancer tissues. OBJECTIVE To characterize new lncRNA involved in normal and/or pathological differentiation of testicular cells. METHODS Using bioinformatics analysis, we found that lncRNA LOC100130460 (CAND1.11) is expressed in normal and tumor testis; its expression was assessed in several human cell lines by qRT-PCR. CAND1.11 protein, produced by a single nucleotide mutation, was studied by western blot and immunofluorescence analysis on normal, classic seminoma, and Leydig cell tumor testicular tissues. RESULTS CAND1.11 gene is primate-specific; its expression was low in SH-SY5Y cells and increased when differentiated with retinoic acid treatment. CAND1.11 expression in PC3 cells was higher than in PNT2 cells. CAND1.11 protein is present in the human testis and overexpressed in testicular cancer tissues. CONCLUSIONS This report is one of the few providing evidence that a lncRNA produces a protein expressed in normal human tissues and overexpressed in several testicular cancers, suggesting its involvement in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Although further studies are needed to validate the results, our data indicate that CAND1.11 could be a potential new prognostic biomarker to use in proliferation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Donizetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Venditti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Davide Arcaniolo
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenza Aliperti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Carrese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco De Sio
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Sergio Minucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Aniello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
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