MiRNA-Based Therapies for Lung Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges?

miR-210: A non-invasive biomarker for hypoxia-driven lung cancer diagnosis and therapy

Lung cancer is one of the major cancer-related deaths in the world due to the low success rate in invasive diagnostic procedures and late staging. Hypoxia-associated molecular signatures have received attention due to a growing demand for non-invasive prognostic biomarkers, and miR-210 has been repoured as the only viable candidate. Tumor hypoxia is a characteristic of highly malignant lung cancer, and hypoxia-inducible factors increase miR-210 in this process as a way of allowing cancer cells to inhabit low oxygen conditions and grow further in lung cancer. MiR-210 takes up the responsibility of angiogenesis, survival, and metastasis. Notably, miR-210 is located downstream as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker because of its stability and measurability in biofluids, including serum and plasma. Existing techniques, which can accurately detect miR-210 employing liquid biopsy and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), provide sensitivity and specificity, making it possible for early detection of hypoxic cancers. In addition to diagnostics, miR-210 is a cure different from other existing treatments as they show lesser efficiency because of hypoxia-resistant genes that may be suppressed by using miR-210. While it holds great promise, such problems as biological variation and the uniformity of the detection techniques may need further research. MiR-210 holds significant possibilities in Lung cancer diagnosis and treatment; however, there is a need for further investigation and confirmation to place miR-210 in the list of biomarkers for customized medicine.

Single-Step Detection of microRNA via the Programmable DNAzyme Probe-Mediated Multiple Signal Recycling

The significant role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of pathological ocular neovascularization makes them both biomarkers and therapeutic targets in vascular eye diseases. However, their acute and sensitive detection and regulation continue to be a challenge. An integrative DNA probe (detection probe) was developed to enable the single-step detection of miRNAs with high sensitivity and specificity. This probe combines the functions of specific target recognition, the DNAzyme unit-based signal reaction, and the DNA polymerase/endonuclease-assisted signal cycle. In particular, a single-stranded sequence that engages with the DNAzyme unit of the s2 sequence can identify the target miRNA and liberate the DNAzyme unit to facilitate the signal reaction with the help of metal ions. In addition, the target recycling process and signal cycle were initiated by the DNA polymerase/endonuclease-assisted chain extension and displacement process, resulting in a low limit of detection of 4.56 fM. In addition, the method demonstrated a high level of septicity for the detection of target miRNAs and was capable of distinguishing interfering miRNAs with a one-base mismatch. Our research has shown that the integrative DNAzyme nanomachine is a promising biosensor for the sensitive detection and regulation of miRNA in a single step. It is anticipated that this technology will be used in the early diagnosis and therapy of vascular eye diseases.

MicroRNAs in sickle cell disease: A comprehensive review

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a multifactorial disease characterized by a high incidence of morbidity and mortality due to chronic hemolysis, inflammation and oxidative stress. Recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating key pathophysiological processes in SCD, including high levels of fetal hemoglobin production, and reduction in inflammation and cellular adhesion. This comprehensive review discusses the current understanding of miRNAs in SCD, including their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Furthermore, despite substantial evidences indicating that malaria exacerbates SCD, the review will explore the complex interplay between miRNAs and SCD, with a focus on the exacerbating effects of malaria on SCD severity. Understanding the complex interplay between miRNAs and SCD may lead to the development of novel therapeutic interventions aimed at ameliorating disease severity and improving patient outcomes. Future prospects, challenges and safety concerns related to miRNA-based therapies, highlighting the need for further research.

Translational Regulators in Pulmonary Fibrosis: MicroRNAs, Long Non-Coding RNAs, and Transcript Modifications

Fibrosing disorders including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are progressive irreversible diseases, often with poor prognoses, characterized by the accumulation of excessive scar tissue and extracellular matrix. Translational regulation has emerged as a critical aspect of gene expression control, and the dysregulation of key effectors is associated with disease pathogenesis. This review examines the current literature on translational regulators in IPF, focusing on microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and RNA transcript modifications including alternative polyadenylation and chemical modification. Some of these translational regulators potentiate fibrosis, and some of the regulators inhibit fibrosis. In IPF, some of the profibrotic regulators are upregulated, and some of the antifibrotic regulators are downregulated. Correcting these defects in IPF-associated translational regulators could be an intriguing avenue for therapeutics.

Has-miR-30c-1-3p inhibits macrophage autophagy and promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival by targeting ATG4B and ATG9B

Autophagy is a widespread physiological process in the body, which also protects the host by degrading invading pathogens and harmful substances during pathological conditions. Nevertheless, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis, has evolved strategies to subvert autophagy by modulating microRNA (miRNA) expression, enabling its escape from host defenses. In this study, we established an in vitro model using the human macrophage cell line infected with the highly virulent MTB strain H37Rv. Through RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis post H37Rv infection, we screened 14 differentially expressed miRNAs. We predicted and demonstrated that miR-30c-1-3p inhibits autophagy and promotes MTB survival by targeting ATG4B and ATG9B during the infection process. The results showed that miR-30c-1-3p expression was gradually increased before 12 h of H37Rv infection, followed by a decrease. Overexpression of miR-30c-1-3p suppressed autophagic activity. We also identified the targeting of miR-30c-1-3p to ATG4B and ATG9B for the first time, and overexpression of both ATG4B and ATG9B, alone or together, on the basis with upregulation of miR-30c-1-3p reversed the inhibition of autophagy. Autophagy levels were analyzed at different levels by western blot, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy, all of which showed that upregulation of miR-30c-1-3p inhibited autophagy during H37Rv infection. Additionally, the intervention of miR-30c-1-3p mimics resulted in an increased bacterial load in macrophages, suggesting that MTB achieves immune evasion by upregulating miR-30c-1-3p during infection. In conclusion, our study provides a valuable target for the development of host-directed anti-tuberculosis therapy as well as a new diagnostic marker.

MiR-222-3p loaded stem cell nanovesicles repair myocardial ischemia damage via inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative stress

AIMS

Mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS) is a key contributor to poor cardiac function and a major driver of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Our previous research demonstrated that stem cell-derived nanovesicles (NVs) enhanced cardiac function following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We constructed and characterized miR-222-3p-loaded NVs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An in vitro hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) model was established using H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrial oxidative respiratory function was assessed using Seahorse XF technology, while mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) levels were quantified via flow cytometry. Additional assessments included mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) status, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity. An in vivo H/R model was developed using C57BL/6 mice. The therapeutic effects of NVs on MOS reduction and cardiac function improvement were evaluated through Masson's staining, immunofluorescence, echocardiography, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT).

KEY FINDINGS

RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) confirmed that miR-222-3p directly targets cyp1a1. Overexpression of miR-222-3p or knockdown of cyp1a1 significantly improved mitochondrial activity in cardiomyocytes and conferred protection against I/R injury. Conversely, overexpression of cyp1a1 abrogated the protective effects of miR-222-3p. In vivo, NV treatment enhanced cardiac function, reduced MOS, and improved mitochondrial respiratory capacity in MIRI model mice. NV treatment, via miR-222-3p-mediated suppression of cyp1a1, mitigates MOS, enhances mitochondrial respiratory function, and improves cardiac outcomes in MIRI models.

SIGNIFICANCE

These findings provide a foundational basis for the clinical translation of NV-based therapies.

Epigenetic modifications in early stage lung cancer: pathogenesis, biomarkers, and early diagnosis

The integration of liquid biopsy with epigenetic markers offers significant potential for early lung cancer detection and personalized treatment. Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA changes, often precede genetic mutations and are critical in cancer progression. In this study, we explore how liquid biopsy, combined with epigenetic markers, can provide early detection of lung cancer, potentially predicting onset up to 4 years before clinical diagnosis. We discuss the challenges of targeting epigenetic regulators, which could disrupt cellular balance if overexploited, and the need for maintaining key gene expressions in therapeutic applications. This review highlights the promise and challenges of using liquid biopsy and epigenetic markers for early-stage lung cancer diagnosis, with a focus on optimizing treatment strategies for personalized and precision medicine.

Natural compounds as regulators of miRNAs: exploring a new avenue for treating colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related death globally, impacting both genders equally. The increasing global mortality rates from CRC are strongly linked to contemporary dietary habits, characterized by excessive meat consumption, alcohol intake, and insufficient physical activity. Thus, there is an unprecedented need to develop less hazardous and new therapies for CRC. CRC affects a substantial global population. The main treatments for CRC include chemotherapy and surgical intervention. Nonetheless, the advancement of innovative, safer, and more effective pharmaceuticals for CRC therapy is of paramount importance due to the widespread adverse effects and the dynamic nature of drug resistance. A growing amount of research suggests that natural chemicals may effectively battle CRC and, in certain cases, serve as alternatives to chemotherapeutics. Evidence suggests that miRNAs control important cancer features, including the maintenance of proliferative signals. These features also involve evasion of growth inhibition, resistance to cell death, and immortalization of replication. Additionally, miRNAs play a role in angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Numerous compounds, including those exhibiting cytotoxic and apoptogenic properties against different malignancies, such as CRC, are sourced from diverse marine and medicinal plants. These chemicals stimulate several signaling pathways originating from different phytochemical families. This article evaluates the existing understanding of the anti-CRC capabilities of several phytochemical substances. Furthermore, their impact on several signaling pathways associated with cancer is examined. This article also highlights the potential of medicinal plants as a source of promising anti-CRC chemicals through modulating miRNA expression and the role of nanoparticle-based miRNA therapeutics in enhancing CRC treatment by improving tumor targeting and minimizing off-target effects.

Mechanisms and strategies of immunosenescence effects on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment: A comprehensive analysis and future directions

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most prevalent form of lung cancer, remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, particularly among elderly individuals. The phenomenon of immunosenescence, characterized by the progressive decline in immune cell functionality with aging, plays a pivotal role in NSCLC progression and contributes to the diminished efficacy of therapeutic interventions in older patients. Immunosenescence manifests through impaired immune surveillance, reduced cytotoxic responses, and increased chronic inflammation, collectively fostering a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms of immunosenescence and its impact on immune surveillance and the tumor microenvironment (TME) in NSCLC. We explore how aging affects various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages, and how these changes compromise the immune system's ability to detect and eliminate tumor cells. Furthermore, we address the challenges posed by immunosenescence to current therapeutic strategies, particularly immunotherapy, which faces significant hurdles in elderly patients due to immune dysfunction. The review highlights emerging technologies, such as single-cell sequencing and CRISPR-Cas9, which offer new insights into immunosenescence and its potential as a therapeutic target. Finally, we outline future research directions, including strategies for rejuvenating the aging immune system and optimizing immunotherapy for older NSCLC patients, with the goal of improving treatment efficacy and survival outcomes. These efforts hold promise for the development of more effective, personalized therapies for elderly patients with NSCLC.

Unlocking the Potential of miRNAs in Sepsis Diagnosis and Prognosis: From Pathophysiology to Precision Medicine

The clinical syndrome appears as a dysregulated host response to infection that results in life-threatening organ dysfunction known as Sepsis. Sepsis is a serious public health concern where for every five deaths in ICU there is one patient who dies with sepsis worldwide. Sepsis is featured as unbalanced inflammation and immunosuppression which is sustained and profound, increasing patient susceptibility to secondary infections and mortality. microRNAs (miRNAs) play a central role in the control of many biological processes, and the deregulation of their expression has been linked to the development of oncological, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of miRNAs in sepsis pathophysiology. Overall, miRNAs are seen as promising biomarkers, and it has been proposed to develop miRNA-based diagnosis and therapies for sepsis. Yet, the picture is not so straightforward because of miRNAs' versatile and dynamic features. More research is needed to clarify the expression and role of miRNAs in sepsis and promote the use of miRNAs for sepsis management. This study provides an extensive, current, and thorough analysis of the involvement of miRNAs in sepsis. Its purpose is to encourage future research in this area, as tiny miRNAs have the potential to be used for rapid diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of sepsis.

MicroRNAs in pancreatic cancer drug resistance: mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies, primarily due to its intrinsic resistance to conventional therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), key regulators of gene expression, have been identified as crucial modulators of drug resistance mechanisms in this cancer type. This review synthesizes recent advancements in our understanding of how miRNAs influence treatment efficacy in PC. We have thoroughly summarized and discussed the complex role of miRNA in mediating drug resistance in PC treatment. By highlighting specific miRNAs that are implicated in drug resistance pathways, we provide insights into their functional mechanisms and interactions with key molecular targets. We also explore the potential of miRNA-based strategies as novel therapeutic approaches and diagnostic tools to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes. Despite promising developments, challenges such as specificity, stability, and effective delivery of miRNA-based therapeutics remain. This review aims to offer a critical perspective on current research and propose future directions for leveraging miRNA-based interventions in the fight against PC.

Enhancing precision in cancer treatment: the role of gene therapy and immune modulation in oncology

Gene therapy has long been a cornerstone in the treatment of rare diseases and genetic disorders, offering targeted solutions to conditions once considered untreatable. As the field advances, its transformative potential is now expanding into oncology, where personalized therapies address the genetic and immune-related complexities of cancer. This review highlights innovative therapeutic strategies, including gene replacement, gene silencing, oncolytic virotherapy, CAR-T cell therapy, and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, with a focus on their application in both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary tool in precision medicine, enables precise editing of cancer-driving mutations, enhancing immune responses and disrupting tumor growth mechanisms. Additionally, emerging approaches target ferroptosis-a regulated, iron-dependent form of cell death-offering new possibilities for selectively inducing tumor cell death in resistant cancers. Despite significant breakthroughs, challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) remain. To overcome these barriers, novel approaches like dual-targeting, armored CAR-T cells, and combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors and ferroptosis inducers are being explored. Additionally, the rise of allogeneic "off-the-shelf" CAR-T therapies offers scalable and more accessible treatment options. The regulatory landscape is evolving to accommodate these advancements, with frameworks like RMAT (Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy) in the U.S. and ATMP (Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products) in Europe fast-tracking the approval of gene therapies. However, ethical considerations surrounding CRISPR-based gene editing-such as off-target effects, germline editing, and ensuring equitable access-remain at the forefront, requiring ongoing ethical oversight. Advances in non-viral delivery systems, such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and exosomes, are improving the safety and efficacy of gene therapies. By integrating these innovations with combination therapies and addressing regulatory and ethical concerns, gene therapy is poised to revolutionize cancer treatment, providing durable, effective, and personalized solutions for both hematologic and solid tumors.

Tumor-Activated Neutrophils Promote Lung Cancer Progression through the IL-8/PD-L1 Pathway

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer remains a major global health threat due to its complex microenvironment, particularly the role of neutrophils, which are crucial for tumor development and immune evasion mechanisms. This study aimed to delve into the impact of lung cancer cell-conditioned media on neutrophil functions and their potential implications for lung cancer progression.

METHODS

Employing in vitro experimental models, this study has analyzed the effects of lung cancer cell-conditioned media on neutrophil IL-8 and IFN-γ secretion, apoptosis, PD-L1 expression, and T-cell proliferation by using techniques, such as ELISA, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and CFSE proliferation assay. The roles of IL-8/PD-L1 in regulating neutrophil functions were further explored using inhibitors for IL-8 and PD-L1.

RESULTS

Lung cancer cell lines were found to secrete higher levels of IL-8 compared to normal lung epithelial cells. The conditioned media from lung cancer cells significantly reduced apoptosis in neutrophils, increased PD-L1 expression, and suppressed T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. These effects were partially reversed in the presence of IL-8 inhibitors in Tumor Tissue Culture Supernatants (TTCS), while being further enhanced by IL-8. Both apoptosis and PD-L1 expression in neutrophils demonstrated dose-dependency to TTCS. Additionally, CFSE proliferation assay results further confirmed the inhibitory effect of lung cancer cell-conditioned media on T-- cell proliferation.

CONCLUSION

This study has revealed lung cancer cell-conditioned media to modulate neutrophil functions through regulating factors, such as IL-8, thereby affecting immune regulation and tumor progression in the lung cancer microenvironment.

CEACAM1 increased the lymphangiogenesis through miR-423-5p and NF- kB in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background

Lung cancer causes significant mortality, with invasion and metastasis being the main features that cause most cancer deaths. Lymph node metastasis is the primary metastatic route in non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) and influences the staging and prognosis of NSCLC. Cumulative studies have reported that Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is involved in the progression of various cancers. However, few studies have discussed the function of CEACAM1 in lymphangiogenesis in NSCLC. Here, we examined how CEACAM1 influences lymphangiogenesis in NSCLC.

Methods

A total of 30 primary squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) patients diagnosed with LN metastasis were prospectively selected. LUSC tumor tissues, para-cancerous tissues, and positive lymph node tissues were harvested. The expression and subcellular location of CEACAM1, CD31, and LVYE1 in clinical samples were detected by immunohistochemistry. Next, the CEACAM1 and hsa-miR-423-5p expressions were detected by qPCR. The protein expression of lymphangiogenesis-associated proteins and critical cytokines of the NF-κB pathway in HDLECs was detected by Western blot. A tube formation assay was performed to detect the lymphangiogenesis in different groups. The interaction between CEACAM1 and hsa-miR-423-5p was verified using a dual luciferase assay.

Results

CEACAM1 was found to be a potential gene associated with lung cancer prognosis. It was positively correlated with angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Then, we detected the function of CEACAM1 in lymphangiogenesis and found that CEACAM1 promoted lymphangiogenesis. hsa-miR-423-5p overexpression inhibited lymphangiogenesis via targeting CEACAM1. Finally, we observed that CEACAM1 can activate the NF-κB pathway and, therefore, promote lymphangiogenesis.

Conclusion

We found that CEACAM1 enhanced lymphangiogenesis in NSCLC via NF-kB activation and was repressed by miR-423-5p. This suggests the value of CEACAM1 as a new therapeutic marker in NSCLC.

Prognostic Value of miR-10a-3p in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Purpose

Poor lung cancer patients' outcomes and survival rates demand the discovery of new biomarkers for the specific, significant, and less invasive detection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of miRNA expression as biomarkers in NSCLC utilizing a preclinical cell culture setup based on screening of miRNAs in NSCLC cells grown in 3D cell culture.

Patients and Methods

The study was performed using lung cancer cell lines, varying in different levels of aggressiveness: NCI-H1299, A549, Calu-1, and NCI-H23, as well as noncancerous bronchial epithelial cell line HBEC3, which were grown in 3D cell culture. Total RNA from all cell lines was extracted and small RNA libraries were prepared and sequenced using the Illumina NGS platform. The expression of 8 differentially expressed miRNAs was further validated in 89 paired tissue specimens and plasma samples obtained from NSCLC patients. Statistical analysis was performed to determine whether miRNA expression and clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC patients could be considered as independent factors significantly influencing PFS or OS.

Results

Differentially expressed miRNAs, including let-7d-3p, miR-10a-3p, miR-28-3p, miR-28-5p, miR-100-3p, miR-182-5p, miR-190a-5p, and miR-340-5p, were identified through next-generation sequencing in NSCLC cell lines with varying levels of aggressiveness. Validation of patient samples, including tumor and plasma specimens, revealed that out of the 8 investigated miRNAs, only plasma miR-10a-3p showed a significant increase, which was associated with significantly extended progression-free survival (PFS) (p=0.009). Furthermore, miR-10a-3p in plasma emerged as a statistically significant prognostic variable for NSCLC patients' PFS (HR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9, p=0.029).

Conclusion

Our findings of screening miRNA expression patterns in NSCLC cells grown in 3D cell culture indicated that the expression level of circulating miR-10a-3p has the potential as a novel non-invasive biomarker to reflect the short-term prognosis of NSCLC patients.

Follicular fluid-derived extracellular vesicles miR-34a-5p regulates granulosa cell glycolysis in polycystic ovary syndrome by targeting LDHA

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is highly prevalent in women of reproductive age worldwide, exhibits highly heterogeneous clinical presentation and biochemical parameters, and has no cure. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-34a-5p in PCOS, its effect on glycolysis in granulosa cells (GCs), and its potential contribution to follicular dysregulation.

METHODS

Herein, Follicular follicular fluid (FF) samples were collected from six patients with PCOS and six healthy controls undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. The isolated extracellular vesicles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and western blotting. Additionally, miRNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed microRNAs, and their functions were analyzed through transcriptomics. The In vitro effects of miR-34a-5p on glycolysis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed in human ovarian granulosa tumour cell line (KGN cells). Targets of miR-34a-5p were identified by dual-luciferase reporter assays, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to determine gene and protein expression.

RESULTS

The level of miR-34a-5p in FF-derived extracellular vesicles derived from patients with PCOS was significantly higher than that of the control group. Transcriptomic analysis highlighted miR-34a-5p as a key regulator of glycolysis and apoptosis. Furthermore, in vitro analysis showed that miR-34a-5p targeted lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), inhibited glycolysis, reduced energy supply to GCs, and promoted apoptosis of KGN cells. Conversely, miR-34a-5p inhibition restored glycolysis function and cell viability.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study show that miR-34a-5p mediates GC apoptosis in PCOS by targeting LDHA and inhibiting glycolysis, suggesting its crucial role in PCOS pathophysiology, and offering potential therapeutic targets for improving follicular development and fertility outcomes in patients with PCOS. Further research is needed to explore the clinical implications of miR-34a-5p and its use as a biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis of PCOS.

P4HA1: an important target for treating fibrosis related diseases and cancer

Fibrosis is significantly associated with a wide variety of diseases and is involved in their progression. Fibrosis activated under the influence of different combinations of factors is considered a double-edged sword. Although there has been much research on organ fibrosis in recent years, a variety of organ fibrosis diseases and cancers are not well controlled in terms of prevention, treatment, and prognosis. Clinical studies still lack exploration and discovery of effective targets for the pathogenesis of organ fibrosis. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 1 (P4HA1) is a protein kinase and the synthesis and secretion of collagen are related to the sustained activation of P4HA1. As further studies are being conducted, the potential role of P4HA1 in the development of fibrosis-associated diseases and cancer is becoming clear. Consequently, we conducted a systematic review and discussion on the role of P4HA1 in the pathogenesis of various fibrosis-related diseases and cancers. We reviewed the possible strategies of P4HA1 in the diagnosis and treatment of fibrosis-related diseases and cancers, and analyzed its potential relevance as a biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of fibrosis-related diseases and cancer.

Therapeutic Potential of lncRNAs in Regulating Disulfidptosis for Cancer Treatment

Non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in various cellular processes, including a novel form of regulated cell death known as disulfidptosis, characterized by accumulating protein disulfide bonds and severe endoplasmic reticulum stress. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of lncRNAs in regulating disulfidptosis for cancer treatment, emphasizing their influence on key pathway components such as GPX4, SLC7A11, and PDIA family members. Recent studies have demonstrated that targeting specific lncRNAs can sensitize cancer cells to disulfidptosis, offering a promising approach to cancer therapy. The regulation of disulfidptosis by lncRNAs involves various signaling pathways, including oxidative stress, ER stress, and calcium signaling. This review also discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying lncRNA regulation of disulfidptosis, the challenges of developing lncRNA-based therapies, and the future potential of this rapidly advancing field in cancer research.

Pyroptosis in lung cancer: The emerging role of non-coding RNAs

Lung cancer remains an intractable malignancy worldwide, prompting novel therapeutic modalities. Pyroptosis, a lethal form of programmed cell death featured by inflammation, has been involved in cancer progression and treatment response. Simultaneously, non-coding RNA has been shown to have important roles in coordinating pattern formation and oncogenic pathways, including long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs), microRNA (miRNAs), circular RNA (circRNAs), and small interfering RNA (siRNAs). Recent studies have revealed that ncRNAs can promote or inhibit pyroptosis by interacting with key molecular players such as NLRP3, GSDMD, and various transcription factors. This dual role of ncRNAs offers a unique therapeutic potential to manipulate pyroptosis pathways, providing opportunities for innovative cancer treatments. In this review, we integrate current research findings to propose novel strategies for leveraging ncRNA-mediated pyroptosis as a therapeutic intervention in lung cancer. We explore the potential of ncRNAs as biomarkers for predicting patient response to treatment and as targets for overcoming resistance to conventional therapies.

From virus to cancer: Epstein-Barr virus miRNA connection in Burkitt's lymphoma

In Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNAs (EBV miRNAs) are emerging as crucial regulatory agents that impact cellular and viral gene regulation. This review investigates the multifaceted functions of EBV miRNAs in the pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma. EBV miRNAs regulate several cellular processes that are essential for BL development, such as apoptosis, immune evasion, and cellular proliferation. These small, non-coding RNAs target both viral and host mRNAs, finely adjusting the cellular environment to favor oncogenesis. Prominent miRNAs, such as BART (BamHI-A rightward transcript) and BHRF1 (BamHI fragment H rightward open reading frame 1), are emphasized for their roles in tumor growth and immune regulation. For example, BART miRNAs prevent apoptosis by suppressing pro-apoptotic proteins, whereas BHRF1 miRNAs promote viral latency and immunological evasion. Understanding the intricate connections among EBV miRNAs and their targets illuminates BL pathogenesis and suggests novel treatment approaches. Targeting EBV miRNAs or their specific pathways offers a feasible option for developing innovative therapies that aim to disrupt the carcinogenic processes initiated by these viral components. future studies should focus on precisely mapping miRNA‒target networks and developing miRNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic tools. This comprehensive article highlights the importance of EBV miRNAs in Burkitt lymphoma, indicating their potential as biomarkers and targets for innovative treatment strategies.

Recent progress in microRNA research for prostate cancer

In recent years, prostate cancer (PCa) has seen an increasing prevalence, particularly among middle-aged and older men, positioning it as a significant health concern. Current PCa screening predominantly utilizes prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, digital rectal examination (DRE), and the Gleason scoring system. However, these diagnostic methods can sometimes be imprecise. Research has identified that specific microRNAs (miRNAs) exhibit altered expression levels in PCa patients, suggesting their potential as biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, advancements in integrating miRNAs with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have shown promising results in PCa treatment, potentially serving as micro-markers for TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment effectiveness. Recent developments in anti-cancer therapies that target miRNAs have also been implemented in clinical settings, laying the groundwork for personalized and precise treatment strategies for PCa. This review aims to summarize the expression patterns of miRNAs in PCa patients and explore their roles in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the disease.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts-secreted exosomal miR-92a-3p promotes tumor growth and stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by suppressing AXIN1

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major cellular component in the tumor microenvironment and have been shown to exhibit protumorigenic effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to delve into the mechanisms underlying the tumor-promoting effects of CAFs in HCC. Small RNA sequencing was conducted to screen differential expressed microRNAs in exosomes derived from CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs). The miR-92a-3p expression was then measured using reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR in CAFs, NFs, CAFs-derived exosomes (CAFs-Exo), and NF-derived exosomes (NFs-Exo). Compared to NFs or NF-Exo, CAFs and CAFs-Exo significantly promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, and stemness. Additionally, compared to NFs or NF-Exo, miR-92a-3p level was notably higher in CAFs and CAFs-Exo, respectively. Exosomal miR-92a-3p was found to enhance HCC cell proliferation, migration, and stemness. Meanwhile, AXIN1 was targeted by miR-92a-3p. Exosomal miR-92a-3p could activate β-catenin/CD44 signaling in HCC cells by inhibiting AXIN1 messenger RNA. Furthermore, in vivo studies verified that exosomal miR-92a-3p notably promoted tumor growth and stemness through targeting AXIN1/β-catenin axis. Collectively, CAFs secreted exosomal miR-92a-3p was capable of promoting growth and stemness in HCC through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by suppressing AXIN1. Therefore, targeting CAFs-derived miR-92a-3p may be a potential strategy for treating HCC.

miR-137: a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer

Lung cancer is a prevalent malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, posing a significant threat to human health. Despite advancements in treatment, the prognosis for lung cancer patients remains poor due to late diagnosis, cancer recurrence, and drug resistance. Epigenetic research, particularly in microRNAs, has introduced a new avenue for cancer prevention and treatment. MicroRNAs, including miR-137, play a vital role in tumor development by regulating various cellular processes. MiR-137 has garnered attention for its tumor-suppressive properties, with studies showing its potential in inhibiting cancer progression. In lung cancer, miR-137 is of particular interest, with numerous reports exploring its role and mechanisms. A comprehensive review is necessary to consolidate current evidence. This review highlights recent studies on miR-137 in lung cancer, covering cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, drug resistance, and therapy, emphasizing its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for lung cancer treatment and prognosis.

Hsa_circRNA_007630 knockdown delays colon cancer progression by modulation of ferroptosis via miR-506-3p/AURKA axis

Colon cancer contributes to high mortality rates internationally that has seriously endangered human health. Aurora kinase A (AURKA) served as a key molecule in colon cancer. However, its role of AURKA on regulating ferroptosis in colon cancer and their possible interactions with miRNAs and circRNAs remain still elusive. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis after RNA-sequencing was conducted to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), ferroptosis-related DEGs and hub genes. The direct relationship between miR-506-3p and hsa_circRNA_007630 or AURKA was predicted, then verified by dual luciferase reporter and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The rescue experiments were conducted by cotransfection with si-hsa_circRNA_007630, miR-506-3p inhibitor or pcDNA-AURKA in HT29 cells. Erastin was used to induce ferroptosis in HT29 cells and validated by detecting levels of intracellular Fe2+, lipid reactive oxygen species, glutathione, malondialdehyde and ferroptosis markers expression. We screened a total of 331 DEGs, 26 ferroptosis-related genes, among which 3 hub genes were identified through PPI network analysis. Therein, AURKA expression was elevated in colon cancer cells. Moreover, AURKA was targeted by miR-506-3p, and hsa_circRNA_007630 operated as miR-506-3p sponge. The effect of hsa_circRNA_007630 depletion on the inhibiting malignant phenotypes of HT29 cells was rescued by inhibition of miR-506-3p or AURKA overexpression. Additionally, AURKA reduced erastin-induced ferroptosis in HT29 cells. Depletion of circRNA_007630 exerts as a suppressive role in colon cancer through a novel miR-506-3p/AURKA pathway related to ferroptosis, and might become a novel marker for colon cancer.

Targeting notch-related lncRNAs in cancer: Insights into molecular regulation and therapeutic potential

Cancer is a group of diseases marked by unchecked cell proliferation and the ability for the disease to metastasize to different body areas. Enhancements in treatment and early detection are crucial for improved outcomes. LncRNAs are RNA molecules that encode proteins and have a length of more than 200 nucleotides. LncRNAs are crucial for chromatin architecture, gene regulation, and other cellular activities that impact both normal growth & pathological processes, even though they are unable to code for proteins. LncRNAs have emerged as significant regulators in the study of cancer biology, with a focus on their intricate function in the Notch signaling pathway. The imbalance of this pathway is often linked to a variety of malignancies. Notch signaling is essential for cellular functions like proliferation, differentiation, and death. The cellular response is shaped by these lncRNAs through their modulation of essential Notch pathway constituents such as receptors, ligands, and downstream effectors around it. Furthermore, a variety of cancer types exhibit irregular expression of Notch-related lncRNAs, underscoring their potential use as therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers. Gaining an understanding of the molecular processes behind the interaction between the Notch pathway and lncRNAs will help you better understand the intricate regulatory networks that control the development of cancer. This can open up new possibilities for individualized treatment plans and focused therapeutic interventions. The intricate relationships between lncRNAs & the Notch pathway in cancer are examined in this review.

Promoter A1312C mutation leads to microRNA-7 downregulation in human non-small cell lung cancer

MicroRNA-7 (miRNA-7, miR-7) is a unique class of tumor suppressors, plays an important role in various physiological and pathological processes including human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In previous works, we revealed that miR-7 could regulate the growth and metastasis of human NSCLC cells. However, the mechanism of dysregulated miR-7 expression in NSCLC remains to be further elucidated. In this study, based on clinical sample analysis, we found that the downregulated expression of miR-7 was dominantly attributed to the decreased level of pri-miR-7-2 in human NSCLC. Furthermore, there were four site mutations in the miR-7-2 promoter sequence. Notably, among these four sites, mutation at -1312 locus (A → C, termed as A1312C mutation) was dominate, and A1312C mutation further led to decreased expression of miR-7 in human NSCLC cells, accompanied with elevated transduction of NDUFA4/ERK/AKT signaling pathway. Mechanistically, homeobox A5 (HOXA5) is the key transcription factors regulating miR-7 expression in NSCLC. A1312C mutation impairs HOXA5 binding, thereby reducing the transcriptional activity of miR-7-2 promoter, resulting in downregulation of miR-7 expression. Together, these data may provide new insights into the dysregulation of specific miRNA expression in NSCLC and ultimately prove to be helpful in the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies against NSCLC.

The interplay between autophagy and apoptosis: its implication in lung cancer and therapeutics

Maintaining cellular homeostasis relies on the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy, and disruption in either of these processes can contribute to the development of cancer. Autophagy can hinder the apoptotic process, and when autophagy is inhibited in such instances, it can enhance the rate of apoptosis. However, evidence suggests that excessive autophagy can also lead to apoptotic cell death. Also, excess autophagy can cause excessive digestion of cellular organelles, causing autophagic cell death. Targeting autophagy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common form of lung cancer, can be very tricky due to the dual nature of autophagy. According to genetic analysis, various mutations in p53 and EGFR, G:C to A:T transversions seem responsible for the development of lung cancer in smokers and non-smokers. These events trigger cytoprotective autophagy or induce apoptotic cell death through different but interconnected signalling pathways. Lung cancer being the leading cause of death worldwide, calls for more attention to disease prognosis and new therapeutics in the market. However, molecules responsible for autophagy to apoptosis transition are yet to be studied elaborately. Also, the role of effector caspases during this shift needs to be elucidated in future. To comprehend how therapeutics operate through the modulation of autophagy and apoptosis and to target such pathways, it is crucial to emphasize these intricate connections. Many therapeutics discussed in this review targeting both apoptosis and autophagy have shown promising results in vitro and in vivo, however, few have crossed the hurdles of clinical trial. Nevertheless, the quest for safer and better efficacious agents is still alive, with the sole aim to develop novel cancer chemotherapeutic(s).

Unraveling the Significance of DGCR8 and miRNAs in Thyroid Carcinoma

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as negative regulators for protein-coding gene expression impacting cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. These miRNAs are frequently dysregulated in cancer and constitute classes of blood-based biomarkers useful for cancer detection and prognosis definition. In thyroid cancer (TC), the miRNA biogenesis pathway plays a pivotal role in thyroid gland formation, ensuring proper follicle development and hormone production. Several alterations in the miRNA biogenesis genes are reported as a causality for miRNA dysregulation. Mutations in microprocessor component genes are linked to an increased risk of developing TC; in particular, a recurrent mutation affecting DGCR8, the E518K. In this review, we explore these novel findings and resume the current state-of-the-art in miRNAs in thyroid carcinomas.

TP53 mitigates cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by mediating the effects of resistant cell-derived exosome mir-424-5p

Background

Cisplatin (DDP) is the principal agent used for chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, DDP resistance is an essential cause for a worse prognosis of patient. Therefore, this study proposes to discover features of miR-424-5p in DDP resistance of NSCLC.

Method

After exogenous modulation of miR-424-5p expression, A549 cell activity was measured using CCK-8 and flow cytometry. A549/DDP and A549/DDP-associated subcutaneous tumor model were constructed to investigate the effect of miR-424-5p on DDP resistance in NSCLC in vivo. TargetScan and JASPAR databases predicted the potential molecular mechanism of miR-424-5p. A549-and A549/DDP-derived exosomes were isolated and characterized using a transmission electron microscope and nanoparticle tracking analysis.

Result

Overexpression of miR-424-5p facilitated proliferation and DDP resistance in A549 cells, and knockdown of miR-424-5p did the opposite. Knockdown of miR-424-5p enhanced DDP restriction on tumor weight and volume. Moreover, SOCS5 and SOCS56 (SOCS5/6) were downstream targets of miR-424-5p. miR-424-5p down-regulated SOCS5/6 expression to activate JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT pathways. Notably, tumor protein p53 (TP53) is a transcription factor for the miR-424-5p host gene, as confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter gene. Cellular and animal experiments indicated that TP53 limited the regulatory function of miR-424-5p on NSCLC growth, DDP resistance, and related molecules. Interestingly, miR-424-5p was markedly enriched in A549/DDP cell-derived exosomes than in A549 cell-derived exosomes, and TP53 down-regulated miR-424-5p expression in A549/DDP cell-derived exosomes.

Conclusion

DDP-resistant cell-derived exosome miR-424-5p contributes to NSCLC growth and DDP resistance by targeting SOCS5 and SOCS6 to activate JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT pathways, which are blocked by TP53.

microRNA-486-5p Regulates DNA Damage Inhibition and Cisplatin Resistance in Lung Adenocarcinoma by Targeting AURKB

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) severely affects human health, and cisplatin (DDP) resistance is the main obstacle in LUAD treatment, the mechanism of which is unknown. Bioinformatics methods were utilized to predict expression and related pathways of AURKB in LUAD tissues, as well as the upstream regulated microRNAs. qRT-PCR assayed expression of AURKB and microRNA-486-5p. RIP and dual-luciferase experiments verified the binding and interaction between the two genes. CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation ability and IC50 values. Flow cytometry was utilized to assess the cell cycle. Comet assay and western blot tested DNA damage and γ-H2AX protein expression, respectively. In LUAD, AURKB was upregulated, but microRNA-486-5p was downregulated. The targeted relationship between the two was confirmed by RIP and dual-luciferase experiments. Cell experiments showed that AURKB knock-down inhibited cell proliferation, reduced IC50 values, induced cell cycle arrest, and caused DNA damage. The rescue experiment presented that high expression of microRNA-486-5p could weaken the impact of AURKB overexpression on LUAD cell behavior and DDP resistance. microRNA-486-5p regulated DNA damage to inhibit DDP resistance in LUAD by targeting AURKB, implying that microRNA-486-5p/AURKB axis may be a possible therapeutic target for DDP resistance in LUAD patients.

miRNA-Based Technologies in Cancer Therapy

The discovery of therapeutic miRNAs is one of the most exciting challenges for pharmaceutical companies. Since the first miRNA was discovered in 1993, our knowledge of miRNA biology has grown considerably. Many studies have demonstrated that miRNA expression is dysregulated in many diseases, making them appealing tools for novel therapeutic approaches. This review aims to discuss miRNA biogenesis and function, as well as highlight strategies for delivering miRNA agents, presenting viral, non-viral, and exosomic delivery as therapeutic approaches for different cancer types. We also consider the therapeutic role of microRNA-mediated drug repurposing in cancer therapy.

Long noncoding RNA SNHG16 regulates TLR4-mediated autophagy and NETosis formation in alveolar hemorrhage associated with systemic lupus erythematosus

BACKGROUND

Dysregulated long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression with increased apoptosis has been demonstrated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with alveolar hemorrhage (AH). SNHG16, a lncRNA, can enhance pulmonary inflammation by sponging microRNAs, and upregulate toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression via stabilizing its mRNAs. TRAF6, a TLR4 downstream signal transducer, can induce autophagy and NETosis formation. In this study, we investigated whether SNHG16 could regulate TLR4-mediated autophagy and NETosis formation in SLE-associated AH.

METHODS

Expression of SNHG16, TLR4 and TRAF6 and cell death processes were examined in lung tissues and peripheral blood (PB) leukocytes from AH patients associated with SLE and other autoimmune diseases, and in the lungs and spleen from a pristane-induced C57BL/6 mouse AH model. SNHG16-overexpressed or -silenced alveolar and myelocytic cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4 agonist, for analyzing autophagy and NETosis, respectively. Pristane-injected mice received the intra-pulmonary delivery of lentivirus (LV)-SNHG16 for overexpression and prophylactic/therapeutic infusion of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting SNHG16 to evaluate the effects on AH. Renal SNHG16 expression was also examined in lupus nephritis (LN) patients and a pristane-induced BALB/c mouse LN model.

RESULTS

Up-regulated SNHG16, TLR4 and TRAF6 expression with increased autophagy and NETosis was demonstrated in the SLE-AH lungs. In such patients, up-regulated SNHG16, TLR4 and TRAF6 expression was found in PB mononuclear cells with increased autophagy and in PB neutrophils with increased NETosis. There were up-regulated TLR4 expression and increased LPS-induced autophagy and NETosis in SNHG16-overexpressed cells, while down-regulated TLR4 expression and decreased LPS-induced autophagy and NETosis in SNHG16-silenced cells. Pristane-injected lung tissues had up-regulated SNHG16, TLR4/TRAF6 levels and increased in situ autophagy and NETosis formation. Intra-pulmonary LV-SNHG16 delivery enhanced AH through up-regulating TLR4/TRAF6 expression with increased cell death processes, while intra-pulmonary prophylactic and early therapeutic sh-SNHG16 delivery suppressed AH by down-regulating TLR4/TRAF6 expression with reduced such processes. In addition, there was decreased renal SNHG16 expression in LN patients and mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate that lncRNA SNHG16 regulates TLR4-mediated autophagy and NETosis formation in the human and mouse AH lungs, and provide a therapeutic potential of intra-pulmonary delivery of shRNA targeting SNHG16 in this SLE-related lethal manifestation.

Correlation between Circulating miR-16, miR-29a, miR-144 and miR-150, and the Radiotherapy Response and Survival of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Despite the success of current therapy concepts, patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still have a very poor prognosis. Therefore, biological markers are urgently needed, which allow the assessment of prognosis, or prediction of the success of therapy or resistance in this disease. Circulating microRNAs (miRs) have potential as biomarkers for the prognosis and prediction of response to therapy in cancer patients. Based on recent evidence that circulating miR-16, miR-29a, miR-144 and miR-150 can be regulated by ionizing radiation, the concentration of these four miRs was assessed in the plasma of NSCLC patients at different time points of radiotherapy by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Furthermore, their impact on patients' prognosis was evaluated. The mean plasma levels of miR-16, miR-29a, miR-144 and miR-150 significantly differed intra- and inter-individually, and during therapy in NSCLC patients, but showed a strong positive correlation. The individual plasma levels of miR-16, miR-29a and miR-144 had prognostic value in NSCLC patients during or at the end of radiotherapy in Cox's regression models. NSCLC patients with low levels of these three miRs at the end of radiotherapy had the worst prognosis. However, miR-150 plasma levels and treatment-dependent changes were not predictive. In conclusion, circulating miR-16, miR-29a and miR-144, but not miR-150, have a prognostic value in NSCLC patients undergoing radiotherapy.