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Hipper E, Diederichs T, Kaiser W, Lehmann F, Buske J, Hinderberger D, Garidel P. Visible light triggers the formation of reactive oxygen species in monoclonal antibody formulations. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124392. [PMID: 38942184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Most monoclonal antibody formulations require the presence of a surfactant, such as polysorbate, to ensure protein stability. The presence of high concentrations of polysorbate have been shown to enhance photooxidation of certain protein drug products when exposed to visible light. The current literature, however, suggest that photooxidation of polysorbate only occurs when exposed to visible light in combination with UVA light. This is probable as peroxides present in polysorbate solutions can be cleaved homolytically in the UVA region. In the visible region, photooxidation is not expected to occur as cleavage of peroxides is not expected at these wavelengths. This report presents findings suggesting that the presence of one or more photosensitiser(s) in polysorbate must be a cause and is required to catalyse the aerobic oxidation of polysorbate solutions upon exposure to visible light. Our investigation aimed to clarify the mechanism(s) of polysorbate photooxidation and explore the kinetics and the identity of the generated radicals and their impact on monoclonal antibody (mAb) degradation. Our study reveals that when polysorbate solutions are exposed to visible light between 400 - 800 nm in the absence of proteins, discolouration, radical formation, and oxygen depletion occur. We discuss the initial formation of reactive species, most likely occurring directly after reaction of molecular oxygen, with the presence of a triplet state photosensitiser, which is generated by intersystem crossing of the excited singlet state. When comparing the photooxidation of PS20 and PS80 in varying quality grades, we propose that singlet oxygen possesses potential for reacting with unsaturated fatty acids in PS80HP, however, PS20HP itself exhibited no measurable oxidation under the tested conditions. The study's final part delves into the photooxidation behaviour of different PS grades, examining its influence on the integrity of a mAb in the formulation. Finally, we examined the effect of photooxidation on the integrity of monoclonal antibodies. Our findings show that the exposure to visible light in polysorbate-containing mAb solutions at high PS concentrations of 4 mg·ml-1 results in increased monoclonal antibody degradation, highlighting the need for cautious evaluation of the correct PS concentration to stabilise protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Florian Lehmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Richards DS, Schöneich C. Near UV Light Photo-Degradation of Lactate and Related α-Hydroxycarboxylates in the Presence of Fe(III): Formation of Carbon Dioxide Radical Anion. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00243-0. [PMID: 39002725 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
In recent studies we have reported on the near-UV light-induced degradation of iron complexes of various pharmaceutical excipients, such as Fe(III)-citrate and Fe(III)-amino acid complexes. Mechanistic studies revealed a common photo-degradation pattern, i.e. the formation of carbon dioxide radical anion, a potent reducing agent, via an alkoxyl/amino radical intermediate generated by light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) involving α-hydroxycarboxylates or amino acids. Herein, we confirm the proposed general photo-degradation pathways through the study of the iron complexes of other α-hydroxycarboxylates that may be present in protein formulations, such as lactate and glycolate. The results indicate that lactate generates even higher yields of •CO2- as compared to citrate, suggesting a significant potential of lactate for the promotion of photo-degradation in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David S Richards
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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Zhang Y, Wu Y, Schöneich C. Near UV Photodegradation Mechanisms of Amino Acid Excipients: Formation of the Carbon Dioxide Radical Anion from Aspartate and Fe(III). Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1233-1245. [PMID: 38350108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide radical anion (•CO2-) is a powerful reducing agent that can reduce protein disulfide bonds and convert molecular oxygen to superoxide. Therefore, the generation of •CO2- can be detrimental to pharmaceutical formulations. Iron is among the most prevalent impurities in formulations, where Fe(III) chelates of histidine (His) can produce •CO2- upon exposure to near-UV light (Zhang and Schöneich, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2023, 190, 231-241). Here, we monitor by spin-trapping in combination with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and/or high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis the photochemical formation of •CO2- for a series of common amino acid excipients, including arginine (Arg), methionine (Met), proline (Pro), glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), aspartic acid (Asp), and lysine (Lys). Our results indicate that in the presence of Fe(III), Asp, and Glu produce significant yields of •CO2- under photoirradiation with near-UV light. Notably, Asp demonstrates the highest efficiency of •CO2- generation compared with that of the other amino acid excipients. Stable isotope labeling indicates that •CO2- exclusively originates from the α-carboxyl group of Asp. Mechanistic studies reveal two possible pathways for •CO2- formation, which involve either a β-carboxyl radical or an amino radical cation intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Yaqi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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Chatgilialoglu C. Biomarkers of Oxidative and Radical Stress. Biomolecules 2024; 14:194. [PMID: 38397431 PMCID: PMC10886573 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are generated as a result of normal intracellular metabolism [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61–614 Poznań, Poland
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