Plant-Derived Bioactives in Oral Mucosal Lesions: A Key Emphasis to Curcumin, Lycopene, Chamomile, Aloe vera, Green Tea and Coffee Properties

Mechanistic insights on lycopene usage against diabetes and associated complications

Lycopene is a tetraterpene compound belonging to carotenoids that are widely present in tomatoes and similar products. It is known as a powerful anti-oxidant and a non-provitamin A carotenoid. Lycopene has been found to effectively improve diabetes mellitus and its complications, such as cardiac complications, disorders caused by oxidative stress, and liver and neurological disorders. Furthermore, free radicals have been shown to disrupt the action of insulin by changing the physical state of the target cell membrane, while carotenoids improve insulin secretion and function in blood sugar regulation by neutralizing free radicals. It, therefore, seems that targeted clinical studies are needed to investigate the therapeutic effect of lycopene against metabolic disorders induced by diabetes. This review aims to summarize information on the sources and potential uses of lycopene and the possible mechanisms involved in the reduction of the above diseases. Its protective effects, in terms of toxicity and safety, are also discussed. The literature sources used in this review were PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science databases.

Curcumin ameliorates pyroptosis in diabetic seminal vesicles by upregulating TRPV6

BACKGROUND

Diabetes damages the seminal vesicle tissues leading to a decrease in seminal fluid secretion, so investigations are ongoing to identify specific therapeutic approaches to address diabetes-induced damage to seminal vesicles.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the secretory dysfunction of seminal vesicles and how curcumin can ameliorate this dysfunction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

First, 40 diabetic males (DM group) and 40 nondiabetic males (control group) underwent seminal vesicle ultrasound evaluation and ejaculate volume measurements. Then, the effects of curcumin on seminal vesicle function were investigated in a diabetic rat model. Fifty 8-week-old SPF-grade SD rats were categorized into five groups: control, DM (diabetes mellitus), low-dose CUR (curcumin 50 mg/kg/d), medium-dose CUR (curcumin 100 mg/kg/d), and high-dose CUR (curcumin 150 mg/kg/d). After a month-long diet with varying curcumin doses, key parameters such as body weight, blood glucose levels, seminal vesicle volume, and seminal fluid secretion were measured. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to assess differences in gene expression and structural changes in rat seminal vesicle tissues were examined by HE staining. Finally, human seminal vesicle cell lines were cultured and divided into five groups (HG-CON, HG-CUR-5 µM, HG-CUR-10 µM, HG-CUR-20 µM, and HG-CUR-50 µM) to measure the fructose levels in the seminal vesicle cell culture fluids and evaluate the expression of CASP1, GSDMD, and TRPV6. Post TRPV6 interference, variations in the gene expression of CASP1, GSDMD, and TRPV6 were monitored.

RESULTS

Diabetic patients exhibited a notable reduction in seminal vesicle volume and ejaculate volume compared with the control group, with a direct correlation between the decrease in ejaculate and seminal vesicle volume. Animal studies demonstrated that curcumin supplementation significantly augmented seminal vesicle volume in diabetic rats and notably improved their seminal vesicle secretory dysfunction, particularly in the high-dose curcumin group. Transcriptome sequencing and experimental verification pinpointed the differential expression of TPRV6 and pyroptosis-associated genes (CASP1, GSDMD), with reduced TRPV6 expression but increased markers of pyroptosis (CASP1 and GSDMD) in diabetic rats. Curcumin treatment reversed these effects with an increase in TRPV6 and a decrease in GSDMD and CASP1. Cell transfection experiments indicated that TRPV6 downregulation increased GSDMD and CASP1 gene expression.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin effectively activates TRPV6, thereby diminishing pyroptosis in the seminal vesicle tissues of diabetic rats. This activation not only leads to an increase in the seminal vesicle volume but also significantly ameliorates the seminal vesicle secretory dysfunction in diabetic rats.

Herbal remedies for oral and dental health: a comprehensive review of their multifaceted mechanisms including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant pathways

Across diverse cultures, herbal remedies have been used to alleviate oral discomfort and maintain dental hygiene. This review presents studies on herbal remedies with remarkable antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, anticaries, analgesic, and healing properties. The manuscripts demonstrate the depth of scientific inquiry into herbal remedies used for the management of various oral and dental health conditions. These include gingivitis, oral ulcers, mucositis, periodontitis, oral pathogens, carcinoma, xerostomia, and dental caries. Researchers have investigated the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of plant-derived compounds and their extracts evaluated their interactions with oral pathogens and inflammatory processes. The convergence of traditional knowledge and rigorous scientific investigation offers a compelling narrative, fostering a deeper understanding of herbal remedies as viable alternatives to conventional dental interventions. This work has the potential to provide patients with access to gentle, yet effective solutions, and simultaneously offer dental health professionals the opportunity to enrich their knowledge, and ability to provide personalized, holistic care. This review highlights the symbiotic relationship between herbal medicine and scientific understanding, emphasizing the importance of disseminating this knowledge to benefit both practitioners and patients, enabling evidence-based decision-making in dental care. The exploration of herbal remedies offers a promising alternative, potentially mitigating some of these side effects while promoting oral health in a more natural and holistic manner.

The Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin on Oral Disease: A Systematic Review

Introduction

Curcumin is an extract from herbal plants that has been implicated in the treatment of any disease, including oral disease. There are various types of curcumin formulation as the option of the therapy. The aim of this review is to describe the curcumin mechanism in reducing the severity, pain score, and oral lesion size as the therapeutic effects.

Methods

This systematic review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Databases used for articles include PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus with inclusion criteria published from 2014 to 2024, full text, in English, and randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Results

The present study included 21 RCTs with a total of 1244 individuals. In this study, curcumin was most commonly used for oral submucous fibrosis, with 9 studies demonstrating that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties and inhibits collagenase. All studies demonstrate that curcumin produces significant results in the management of oral disease. The remain studies showed curcumin has antioxidant, inhibit collagenase, antifungal, and wound healing properties for oral leukoplakia, recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), oral lichen planus (OLP), and denture stomatitis.

Conclusion

Curcumin has anti inflammatory, antioxidant, inhibit collagenase, antifungal, and wound healing properties for reducing the severity of lesion, pain score and oral lesion size as the therapeutic effects in the patients with oral disease including OSMF, mucositis, leukoplakia, RAS, OLP, and denture stomatitis.

Anticancer Potential of Quercetin on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Scoping Review and Molecular Docking

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a type of cancer that has a low survival rate and high recurrence and metastasis rates. To date, there is still no effective treatment for OSCC. Various types of cancer, including OSCC, have reported quercetin to act as an anticancer agent, but there is no clear research data on how it may affect OSCC. To determine the anticancer potential of quercetin in OSCC, we conducted a scoping review, and to determine the interaction of quercetin with one of the proteins that plays a role in carcinogenesis, namely, BCL-2, we conducted molecular docking. The scoping review process was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews. The scoping review was searched by collecting articles related to the research topic in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and EBSCOhost databases. All of the literature records found during the search were imported into the Mendeley software to remove duplication. Nine studies were generated after the titles and abstracts were reviewed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After the full-text screening, no studies were excluded, leaving nine publications determined to be eligible for inclusion in the scoping review. Quercetin showed effects on inhibiting cancer invasion, migration, proliferation, and many protein expressions, as well as increasing cell apoptosis. Molecular docking was done for quercetin and BCl-2 protein. Doxorubicin was utilized as a comparison ligand. The in silico study was utilized using AutoDock Vina, AutoDock Tools 1.5.6, Biovia Discovery Studio 2021, and PyMol. Molecular docking indicated quercetin has a strong binding affinity with BCl-2 protein (ΔG -7.2 kcal/mol). Both scoping review and molecular docking revealed that quercetin is a promising candidate for anticancer agent.

Optimization of Mucoadhesive Oral Films Containing Olive Leaf Extract and Microencapsulated Thyme Essential Oil With Potential Antimicrobial Activity

In this study, developing mucoadhesive oral films with optimized olive leaf extract (OLE) and microencapsulated thyme essential oil (TEO) contents was aimed to create a novel oral delivery system with desirable film properties as well as enhanced bioactivities. For this, TEO-containing sodium alginate/okra gum microcapsules were first fabricated at optimized electrospray conditions, where optimization was performed for three parameters, which are the flow rate of the emulsion solution, the potential difference, and the distance between the nozzle of the sample container and the collector plate, through three-level centered Box-Behnken design. Prior to the inclusion of the OLE in custom-designed mucoadhesive films, polymeric components of the films were also optimized through a separate multi-variable, three-level Box-Behnken experimental design by which the effect of mixing ratios of Carbopol 934, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyethylene glycol on viscosity, solution pH, film pH, disintegration time, thickness, and weight were elaboratively investigated. The resulting films, containing OLE and microencapsulated TEO, obtained through solvent casting were characterized for pH, viscosity, mass uniformity and thickness, dispersion, tensile strength, folding endurance, contact angle, in vitro mucoadhesion time, and ex vivo mucoadhesion force. Results showed that the film had good tensile strength, swelling capacity, compatibility with oral mucosa, and flexibility. It also demonstrated desirable stability and adhesion ability. Regarding bioactivity, the film was found to have desirable antioxidant capacity and it was non-toxic to fibroblast cells when diluted to certain concentration. Moreover, antiviral studies indicated reductions of 32.39% and 54.29% against Poliovirus Type 1 and Murine Norovirus, respectively, while preliminary antibacterial tests showed no significant reduction in certain bacteria within 1 min, but a logarithmic reduction in Staphylococcus aureus was observed. Despite favorable mucoadhesion properties and physical attributes, further investigation is needed to enhance the antimicrobial effectiveness of the films for their potential utilization in drug delivery systems.

Evaluating the efficacy of curcumin in the management of oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) not only harbour the risk of malignant transformation but can also affect patients' quality of life owing to severe symptoms. Therefore, there is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies to improve patients' quality of life. The objective of this meta-analysis was to comprehensively assess the efficacy of curcumin in the management of OPMDs.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of OPMDs from inception until March 2024. RevMan 5.4 software was used to perform statistical and subgroup analyses.

Results

Sixteen randomised controlled trials (1,089 patients) were selected. Curcumin exhibited comparable efficacy to conventional controls in alleviating pain (I2 = 98%, P = 0.49) and improving tongue protrusion (I2 = 94%, P = 0.51) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Additionally, topical use of curcumin had an efficacy equivalent to that of conventional therapy in reducing pain (I2 = 83%, P = 0.31) and facilitating clinical remission (I2 = 67%, P = 0.38) of oral lichen planus (OLP).

Conclusion

The topical use of curcumin may palliate pain and promote clinical healing in OLP patients. Systemic curcumin can ameliorate the degree of pain and tongue protrusion in OSF. Therefore, our study suggests that curcumin could serve as an alternative treatment for managing OPMDs with lower medical toxicity than steroids, especially when steroids are not suitable. Further studies with larger sample sizes and adequate follow-up periods are required to validate our results.

Preparation and characterization of mussel-inspired chitosan/polydopamine films and their feasibility for oral mucosa application

Oral mucosal lesions (OML), which represent a major public health issue worldwide, include any pathological changes in the oral mucosa, such as ulcers, pigmentation, and swelling. Due to its humid and dynamic complex environment, designing oral mucosal preparations poses significant challenges. Drawing inspiration from mussels, this study employed an eco-friendly one-pot strategy for the preparation of chitosan/polydopamine (CS/PDA) films. We demonstrated that CS-induced polymerization of dopamine monomers under acidic conditions, which might be attributed to the large number of hydrogen bonding sites of CS chains. PDA markedly enhances properties of the CS film and exhibits concentration dependence. At the concentration of 1 wt% PDA, the lap-shear strength and tensile strength of CS/PDA films reached 5.01 ± 0.24 kpa and 4.20 ± 0.78 kpa, respectively, indicating that the mucosal adhesion ability was significantly improved. In comparison with the single CS film, the swelling rate of CS/PDA film decreased by about 30 %. Rheological results also showed that the storage modulus returned to 93 % after cyclic large strain, while the single CS film only recovered to 73 %. Moreover, these films demonstrated good biocompatibility and enhanced oral ulcer healing in rats, providing a new and practical option for the local treatment of OML.

Curcumin inhibits oxidative stress and autophagy in C17.2 neural stem cell through ERK1/2 signaling pathways

Objectives

This study investigates curcumin's neuroprotective role and its potential in promoting neurogenesis in progenitor cells within the brain. Notably, curcumin's antioxidant properties have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease treatment. However, the association between curcumin's antioxidative effects and its impact on neural stem cells (NSCs) remains to be elucidated.

Methods

C17.2 neural stem cells were utilized as a model to simulate oxidative stress, induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We quantified the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), alongside the gene expression of SOD1 and SOD2, to assess intracellular oxidative stress. Additionally, Western blot analysis was conducted to measure the expressions of LC3-II, Beclin-1, and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK), thereby evaluating autophagy and ERK signaling pathway activation.

Results

Treatment with curcumin resulted in a reduction of MDA and ROS levels, suggesting a protective effect on NSCs against oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Furthermore, a decrease in the relative expressions of LC3-II, Beclin-1, and p-ERK was observed post-curcumin treatment.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that curcumin may confer protection against oxidative stress by attenuating autophagy and deactivating the ERK1/2 signaling pathways, which could contribute to therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease.

Effectiveness of Fenugreek as an Adjuvant in the Management of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial

AIM

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fenugreek as an adjuvant in managing oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), specifically leukoplakia, lichen planus, and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-one participants prediagnosed with OPMDs were randomly divided into a study group (SG) and a control group (CG), with 10 participants in SG and 11 in CG, respectively. The SG received 2 gm of fenugreek as an adjuvant with standard systemic treatments tailored to the respective lesions: intralesional injection of vitamin A 1,00,000 IU (Aquasol A) and topical application of triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% (Kenacort) for 2 months for leukoplakia. Subjects with oral lichen planus were administered prednisolone 5 mg/day (Wysolone), chlorhexidine mouthwash 0.2% (Peridex), and Zincovit once daily for 8 weeks. For subjects with OSMF, one capsule of SM Fibro once daily for 12 weeks along with dexamethasone 1.5 mL (Decadron) was given, and hyaluronidase 1,500 IU (Hynidase) with 0.5 mL lignocaine HCL (Xylocaine) was injected intralesionally biweekly and mouth exercise was advised for 2 months; control group received only the standard treatment. Sociodemographic data were collected, and clinical assessments, evaluating size and shape for leukoplakia, erythema, and burning sensation for oral lichen planus, and mouth opening, cheek flexibility, and burning sensation for OSMF were assessed from baseline through 2 months. Data collected were organized in Excel and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.0.

RESULTS

The SG and CG had 10 and 11 participants, with 4 in each group for leukoplakia, 2 participants in SG and 3 in CG for lichen planus, and 4 participants for OSMF in each group, respectively. Most participants presented with leukoplakia under 2 cm on the buccal mucosa bilaterally, with no significant changes in size or shape postintervention. For lichen planus, mild erythema and burning sensation were noted, but there were no significant differences within or between groups postintervention. A mild burning sensation, a statistically significant improvement in mouth opening was observed in SG (p < 0.051) when compared with CG after 8 weeks postintervention in OSMF. Also, significant improvement in cheek flexibility was noted from baseline to the fourth follow-up in SG post intervention. However, there were no differences between groups during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSION

The findings from this trial suggest that SG showed significant improvement in OSMF than CG, whereas the improvements in leukoplakia and lichen planus remained same in both groups.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Fenugreek, being a cost-effective and affordable agent known for its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiulcerative properties, could be used as an adjuvant for its management in OPMDs. How to cite this article: Balasundaram N, Narayanan MBA, Arul Antony LS, et al. Effectiveness of Fenugreek as an Adjuvant in the Management of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(10):921-929.

Magnesium metal-organic framework microneedles loaded with curcumin for accelerating oral ulcer healing

Oral ulcers are a common oral mucosal disease that seriously affect the quality of life. Traditional drug treatments have shown unsatisfactory efficacy and potential adverse reactions. In this study, curcumin-loaded multifunctional magnesium metal-organic framework-embedded hyaluronic acid-soluble microneedles patches were developed to optimize treatment strategies for oral ulcers. This microneedles patch achieves efficient release of curcumin and Mg2+ in the ulcer through precisely targeted delivery and controllable release mechanism, significantly regulates inflammation, promotes cell migration and angiogenesis, and accelerates the ulcer healing process. At the same time, the synergistic effect of curcumin and gallic acid effectively alleviated oxidative stress, while the backplate ε-poly-L-lysine and needle tip Mg2+ jointly constructed an antibacterial barrier to effectively inhibit pathogens. Verification using an oral ulcer rat model showed that the microneedles patch exhibited excellent therapeutic effects. This not only opens up a new avenue for clinical oral treatment but also marks a breakthrough in nanobiomaterials science and drug delivery technology and heralds a broad prospect in the field of oral ulcer treatment in the future.

Aloe vera-An Extensive Review Focused on Recent Studies

Since ancient times, Aloe vera L. (AV) has attracted scientific interest because of its multiple cosmetic and medicinal properties, attributable to compounds present in leaves and other parts of the plant. The collected literature data show that AV and its products have a beneficial influence on human health, both by topical and oral use, as juice or an extract. Several scientific studies demonstrated the numerous biological activities of AV, including, for instance, antiviral, antimicrobial, antitumor, and antifungal. Moreover, its important antidepressant activity in relation to several diseases, including skin disorders (psoriasis, acne, and so on) and prediabetes, is a growing field of research. This comprehensive review intends to present the most significant and recent studies regarding the plethora of AV's biological activities and an in-depth analysis exploring the component/s responsible for them. Moreover, its morphology and chemical composition are described, along with some studies regarding the single components of AV available in commerce. Finally, valorization studies and a discussion about the metabolism and toxicological aspects of this "Wonder Plant" are reported.

Advancements in nanotechnology for the delivery of phytochemicals

Phytosomes (phytophospholipid complex) are dosage forms that have recently been introduced to increase the stability and therapeutic effect of herbal medicine. Currently, bioactive herbs and the phytochemicals they contain are considered to be the best remedies for chronic diseases. One promising approach to increase the efficacy of plant-based therapies is to improve the stability and bioavailability of their bio-active ingredients. Phytosomes employ phospholipids as their active ingredients, and use their amphiphilic properties to solubilize and protect herbal extracts. The unique properties of phospholipids in drug delivery and their use in herbal medicines to improve bioavailability results in significantly enhanced health benefits. The introduction of phytosome nanotechnology can alter and revolutionize the current state of drug delivery. The goal of this review is to explain the application of phytosomes, their future prospects in drug delivery, and their advantages over conventional formulations. Please cite this article as: Chauhan D, Yadav PK, Sultana N, Agarwal A, Verma S, Chourasia MK, Gayen JR. Advancements in nanotechnology for the delivery of phytochemicals. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(4): 385-398.

The impact of altering the concentration of coffee constituents on their anticancer effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line - in vitro study

Introduction

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies of the head and neck, which attracts much attention because of its increasing incidence and poor outcome. Coffee is one of the most popular beverages that are globally consumed. It consists of several phytochemical constituents, such as polyphenols, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid (CGA). Those constituents account for the potential effects on several diseases, including cancer. It has been reported that coffee exerts significant cytotoxicity against OSCC via inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) and up-regulation of apoptotic proteins, such as caspase-3 and caspase-9. The current study aims to measure the concentration of caffeine and CGA in 3 different types of coffee extracts, unroasted green coffee (GC), medium-roasted coffee (MRC), and decaffeinated coffee.

Material and methods

The cytotoxic effect against OSCC-25 cell lines was evaluated and correlated with the concentration of constituents in each extract. The mechanisms of cytotoxicity were also studied by assessing the effect of each extract on caspase-3 and caspase-9 levels, in addition to the inhibitory effect on EGFR-TK.

Results

It was found that the caffeine concentration was higher in MRC than in GC because of the roasting process. However, the concentration of caspase-3 and -9 and the inhibitory effect on EGFR-TK were much higher in GC than MRC-treated cells because of the higher concentration of CGA.

Conclusions

Decaffeinated coffee exerts lower cytotoxic effects because it was totally deprived of caffeine and CGA during the decaffeination process.

Assessment of multi-biomedical efficiency of Andrographis paniculata shoot extracts through in-vitro analysis and major compound identification

The present investigation looked into the various biomedical potentials of Andrographis paniculata shoot extracts. The results showed that the methanol extract (Met-E) of A. paniculata contains more phytochemicals than the acetone and petroleum ether extracts, including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, phytosterol, steroids, and protein. Accordingly, the Met-E alone showed considerable bactericidal activity (through agar well diffusion method) against the bacterial pathogens namely Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphlococcus aureus, E. coli, and B. subtilis. This bactericidal activity was found as dose dependent manner, since at 1000 μg ml concentration, the Met-E showed better antibacterial activity. Similarly, at increased concentration (1000 μg ml) it showed notable antidiabetic (α-amylase inhibition: 74.31% and α-glucosidase inhibition: 72.34%), antioxidant (DPPH: 78.24%), and anti-inflammatory (albumin denaturation inhibition: 79.84% and lipoxigenase inhibition: 69.4%) activities. The phytochemical profiling of Met-E was characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-vis), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The results showed the Met-E contain bioactive compounds such as gallic acid, epicatechin, catechin, naringin, vitexin-2-rhamnoside, taxifolin, kaempferol, hesperidin, myricetin, rutin, quercetin, phloretin, and ursolic acid compounds. While most of these substances have been recognised for their pharmacological application perspective, the biological properties of particular substances must be studied in the future using in-vivo strategies.

Curcumin, its derivatives, and their nanoformulations: Revolutionizing cancer treatment

Curcumin is a natural compound derived from turmeric and can target malignant tumor molecules involved in cancer propagation. It has potent antioxidant activity, but its effectiveness is limited due to poor absorption and rapid elimination from the body. Various curcumin derivatives have also shown anticancer potential in in-vitro and in-vivo models. Curcumin can target multiple signaling pathways involved in cancer development/progression or induce cancer cell death through apoptosis. In addition, curcumin and its derivatives could also enhance the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy and reduce their associated side effects. Lately, nanoparticle-based delivery systems are being developed/explored to overcome the challenges associated with curcumin's delivery, increasing its overall efficacy. The use of an imaging system to track these formulations could also give beneficial information about the bioavailability and distribution of the nano-curcumin complex. In conclusion, curcumin holds significant promise in the fight against cancer, especially in its nanoform, and could provide precise delivery to cancer cells without affecting normal healthy cells.

Antioxidant treatments in patients with oral submucous fibrosis: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a well-known precancerous oral lesion, characterized by scarring, tissue fibrosis, and premalignant lesions. The goal of clinical treatment is to reduce inflammation and improve patients' quality of life by enhancing mouth opening among others. Antioxidant treatment has shown promising results in inducing regression of lesions and preventing OSMF in high-risk individuals. This study investigates the effectiveness of various antioxidant agents against OSMF.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study followed PRISMA guidelines and searched three scientific databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, using specific algorithms related to "antioxidant treatment," "burning sensation," and "mouth opening." The quality assessment of controlled clinical studies adhered to Cochrane guidelines.

RESULTS

The analysis included 19 clinical trials comparing different treatments, including various antioxidants. Aloe vera, curcumin, and lycopene, among others, showed positive outcomes in treating OSMF by improving burning sensation, mouth opening, tongue protrusion, and cheek flexibility.

CONCLUSION

Antioxidant therapies are found to be effective in treating OSMF, even when compared to conventional treatments such as corticosteroids. The study highlights the need for further research and standardization of clinical protocols.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the leaf and stem extracts of Carissa bispinosa used for dental health care

BACKGROUND

Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan is one of the plants used traditionally to treat oral infections. However, there is limited data validating its therapeutic properties and photochemistry. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective efficacy of the leaf and stem extracts of C. bispinosa against oral infections.

METHODS

The phenolic and tannin contents were measured using Folin-Ciocalteau method after extracting with different solvents. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts were assessed using the microdilution method against fungal (Candida albicans and Candida glabrata) and bacterial (Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) strains. The 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing power (FRP) models were utilised to assess the antioxidant potential of the extracts. Cytotoxicity of the leaf acetone extract was evaluated using the methylthiazol tetrazolium assay.

RESULTS

The methanol leaf extract had the highest phenolic content (113.20 mg TAE/g), whereas hexane extract displayed the highest tannin composition of 22.98 mg GAE/g. The acetone stem extract had the highest phenolic content (338 mg TAE/g) and the stem extract yielded the highest total tannin content (49.87 mg GAE/g). The methanol leaf extract demonstrated the lowest MIC value (0.31 mg/mL), whereas the stem ethanol extract had the least MIC value of 0.31 mg/mL. The stem methanol extract had the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50, 72 µg/mL) whereas the stem ethanol extract displayed maximum FRP with absorbance of 1.916. The leaf acetone extract had minimum cytotoxicity with the lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.63 mg/mL.

CONCLUSIONS

The results obtained in this study validated the protective effect of C. bispinosa against oral infections.

An In Vitro Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Cocos nucifera and Triticum aestivum Formulation

Background Medicinal plants are traditionally used in Ayurveda, Unani medicine, and Siddha as primary sources of drugs, and mankind has exploited the therapeutic properties of these herbs throughout history. Coconut (Cocos nucifera), a common ingredient of Indian sub-continental cuisine, has been proven to possess various medicinal properties; similarly, wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) is of greater medicinal value and is known as the powerhouse of nutrients and vitamins. These have been used individually, but there is limited data on the synergistic use of these products. Thus, the present in vitro study was designed to prepare an oral gel from the extract of C. nucifera and T. aestivum and to assess its cumulative anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Materials and methods C. nucifera extract and T. aestivum extract were prepared separately, and gel formulation was done. The formulated gel was tested for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Results The results of the present study demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory property of the gel formulation was greater as compared to the standard (diclofenac), with the highest percentage of inhibition of 90.1% at 50 μl. With regard to the antioxidant property, we found that it was comparable to the standard (ascorbic acid) at various concentrations, with greater activity at 50 μl. Conclusion The oral gel formulation of coconut (C. nucifera) and wheatgrass (T. aestivum) showed better anti-inflammatory and a comparable antioxidant activity. Thus, this formulation may be employed as an adjunct to the commercially available oral gel preparations.

Unleashing nature's potential and limitations: Exploring molecular targeted pathways and safe alternatives for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (Review)

Driven by the limitations and obstacles of the available approaches and medications for multiple sclerosis (MS) that still cannot treat the disease, but only aid in accelerating the recovery from its attacks, the use of naturally occurring molecules as a potentially safe and effective treatment for MS is being explored in model organisms. MS is a devastating disease involving the brain and spinal cord, and its symptoms vary widely. Multiple molecular pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The present review showcases the recent advancements in harnessing nature's resources to combat MS. By deciphering the molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, a wealth of potential therapeutic agents is uncovered that may revolutionize the treatment of MS. Thus, a new hope can be envisioned in the future, aiming at paving the way toward identifying novel safe alternatives to improve the lives of patients with MS.

The Effect of Coffee in the Prevention of Oral Mucositis Associated with Head and Neck Radiotherapy

AIM

This study investigates the effect of coffee on the management of oral mucositis associated with head and neck radiotherapy.

METHOD

Twenty-nine patients who underwent radiotherapy for the first time due to head and neck cancer between March 2019 and February 2020 were included in the experimental study. One cup/day of Turkish coffee (6 mg) was given to the patients in the intervention group every day for 3 weeks from the first day of radiotherapy. Data monitoring of both groups was performed once a week for 3 weeks.

RESULTS

Most of the patients participating in the study were at local stage (65.2%), and 72.4% underwent head and neck radiotherapy with the diagnosis of nasopharynx and larynx cancer. Although the development rate of oral mucositis was lower in the intervention group, no statistically significant difference was determined (p > 0.05). In the repeated follow-up, the quality of life scores was found to be similar in both groups.

CONCLUSION

We concluded that coffee application is not an effective approach in the prevention of oral mucositis associated with head and neck radiotherapy. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to determine the prophylactic effect of coffee in the management of oral mucositis.

Natural antioxidants from some fruits, seeds, foods, natural products, and associated health benefits: An update

Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules and protect the body from the effects of free radicals, produced either by normal cell metabolism or as an effect of pollution and exposure to other external factors and are responsible for premature aging and play a role in cardiovascular disease. degenerative diseases such as cataracts, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. While many antioxidants are found in nature, others are obtained in synthetic form and reduce oxidative stress in organisms. This review highlights the pharmacological relevance of antioxidants in fruits, plants, and other natural sources and their beneficial effect on human health through the analysis and in-depth discussion of studies that included phytochemistry and their pharmacological effects. The information obtained for this review was collected from several scientific databases (ScienceDirect, TRIP database, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science), professional websites, and traditional medicine books. Current pharmacological studies and evidence have shown that the various natural antioxidants present in some fruits, seeds, foods, and natural products have different health-promoting effects. Adopting functional foods with high antioxidant potential will improve the effective and affordable management of free radical diseases while avoiding the toxicities and unwanted side effects caused by conventional medication.

Secondary Metabolites From Plants for Cardiovascular Disease

One of the leading causes of mortality worldwide is cardiac vascular disease. According to the WHO report, CVDs affect 17.9 million people each year and will affect 22.2 million people by 2030. The plants include flavonoids, polyphenols, plant Sulphur compounds, and terpenoids, which are all active phytochemicals. Recent research has revealed that flavonoids are substances with strong biological effects that may help prevent chronic illnesses including cardiovascular disease. The prevention of low-density lipoprotein oxidation, which encourages vasodilatation, is a common flavonoid mode of action. Due to the rising frequency of CVD, numerous plants have been identified to contain a number of physiologically active chemicals with known biological effects; however, proper CVD preventive and treatment approaches are still needed. This study aims to emphasize the cardiovascular risk factors, in addition to explaining the processes through which naturally occurring bioactive chemicals exhibit their cardiovascular preventive effects.

Phytohustil® and root extract of Althaea officinalis L. exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties and improve the migratory capacity of endothelial cells in vitro

Introduction: Althaea officinalis L.'s root extract (REA) has been used as a medicinal plant since ancient times to treat a cough. Applying REA leads to a protective film that induces a faster regeneration of the lesioned laryngopharyngeal mucosa caused by dry coughs. The buccopharyngeal mucosa is a highly vascularized tissue. In this regard, anti-inflammatory/-oxidant phytochemicals that improve the repair of the lesion site, e.g., neovascularization in the wound, are critical for promoting healing. For this reason, it is essential to investigate the effects of Phytohustil^® and REA on different cellular components of the mucosa under conditions similar to those found in the injured mucosa. Thus, this in vitro study investigated the anti-inflammatory/oxidative and pro-migratory properties of Phytohustil^® cough syrup on vascular endothelial cells. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were pretreated (24 h) with Phytohustil^®, its excipients, or REA, followed by incubation with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; 1 h; pro-oxidative) or with lipopolysaccharides (LPS; 3 h; pro-inflammatory). Viability and cytotoxicity were measured by PrestoBlue^® assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified with 20-70-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA). The release of interleukin 6 (IL6) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The migratory capacity of HUVEC was measured using a scratch assay. Results: Our results show that Phytohustil^®, its excipients and REA were not cytotoxic. Pretreatment of HUVEC (24 h) with Phytohustil^® or REA inhibited the LPS-activated IL6 release. Phytohustil^® or REA inhibited the H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity and intracellular ROS production. Phytohustil^® and REA significantly stimulated wound closure compared to the control. Conclusion: Our data show that Phytohustil^® and REA have anti-inflammatory/-oxidant properties and improve the migratory capacity of vascular endothelial cells. These properties may contribute to the healing characteristics of Phytohustil^® and support the benefit of Phytohustil^® in patient's treatment of irritated oral mucosa.

Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Properties of Natural Bioactive Monoterpenes Nerol, Estragole, and 3,7-Dimethyl-1-Octanol

The therapeutic potential of medicinal plants is noted because of the presence of varieties of biochemicals. The monoterpenes, like nerol, estragole, and 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol, have been reported for antimicrobial, antifungal, anthelmintic, and antioxidant activities. This study evaluated the toxic, cytotoxic, and oxidant/antioxidant effects of these compounds by several in vitro (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, and ferric reducing potential), ex vivo (hemolysis), and in vivo (Artemia Salina and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) assays. Results suggest that estragole and 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol at 31.25-500 μg/mL did not exhibit significant cytotoxic effects in the A. Salina and hemolysis tests. Nerol showed significant cytotoxic effects on these test systems at all test concentrations. The monoterpenes showed radical (ABTS•+ and DPPH•) scavenging capacities in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro tests. However, they did not oxidize the genetic material of S. cerevisiae (SODWT, Sod1Δ, Sod2Δ, Sod1/Sod2Δ, Cat1Δ, and Cat1Δ/Sod1Δ) lines. Among the three monoterpenes, nerol may be a good candidate for antioxidant and anti-tumor therapies.

A Comprehensive Review on Nutraceuticals: Therapy Support and Formulation Challenges

Nutraceuticals are the nourishing components (hybrid of nutrition and pharmaceuticals) that are biologically active and possess capability for maintaining optimal health and benefits. These products play a significant role in human health care and its endurance, most importantly for the future therapeutic development. Nutraceuticals have received recognition due to their nutritional benefits along with therapeutic effects and safety profile. Nutraceuticals are globally growing in the field of services such as health care promotion, disease reduction, etc. Various drug nutraceutical interactions have also been elaborated with various examples in this review. Several patents on nutraceuticals in agricultural applications and in various diseases have been stated in the last section of review, which confirms the exponential growth of nutraceuticals' market value. Nutraceuticals have been used not only for nutrition but also as a support therapy for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as to reduce side effects of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Diverse novel nanoformulation approaches tend to overcome challenges involved in formulation development of nutraceuticals. Prior information on various interactions with drugs may help in preventing any deleterious effects of nutraceuticals products. Nanotechnology also leads to the generation of micronized dietary products and other nutraceutical supplements with improved health benefits. In this review article, the latest key findings (clinical studies) on nutraceuticals that show the therapeutic action of nutraceutical's bioactive molecules on various diseases have also been discussed.

Efficacy and safety of a colostrum- and Aloe vera-based oral care protocol to prevent and treat severe oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a single-arm phase II study

Oral mucositis is one of the worst effects of the conditioning regimens given to patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It is characterized by dry mouth, erythema, mucosal soreness, ulcers, and pain, and it may impact patient outcomes. Bovine colostrum and Aloe vera contain a wide variety of biologically active compounds that promote mucosal healing. A non-randomized phase II study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of a combined bovine colostrum and Aloe vera oral care protocol to prevent and to treat severe oral mucositis in transplant patients. Two commercially available products were given to patients in addition to the standard protocol: Remargin Colostrum OS® mouthwash and Remargin Colostrum Gastro-Gel® taken orally. Forty-six (78.0%) patients experienced oral mucositis, 40 (67.8%) developed mild-moderate forms, and 6 (10.2%) severe ones. Comparing the study group's outcomes with those of a homogeneous historical control group, severe oral mucositis decreased significantly (10.2% vs. 28.4%; P < 0.01), as did its duration (0.5 ± 1.9 vs. 1.5 ± 3.0 days; P < 0.01). Febrile neutropenia episodes (69.5% vs. 95.1%; P < 0.01) and duration (4.0 ± 4.7 vs. 6.2 ± 4.5 days; P < 0.01) also decreased. These findings show that the experimental protocol seems effective in preventing severe forms of oral mucositis. However, a randomized controlled trial is necessary to confirm this.

Pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential of natural compounds in neuropsychiatric disorders: An update

Neuropsychiatric diseases are a group of disorders that cause significant morbidity and disability. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Various medicinal plants are frequently used as therapeutics in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Nowadays, using medicinal plants as an alternative medication has been considered due to their biological safety. Despite the wide range of medications, many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects and eventually lose their response. By considering the therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants in the case of side effects, patients may prefer to use them instead of chemical drugs. Today, the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is diverse and increasing, and these plants are a precious heritage for humanity. Investigation about traditional medicine continues, and several studies have indicated the basic pharmacology and clinical efficacy of herbal medicine. In this article, we discuss five of the most important and common psychiatric illnesses investigated in various studies along with conventional therapies and their pharmacological therapies. For this comprehensive review, data were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, DynaMed Plus, ScienceDirect, and TRIP database. Preclinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms of action of the analyzed biocompounds are presented in detail. The bioactive compounds analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in the pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although comparative studies have been carefully reviewed in the preclinical pharmacology field, no clinical studies have been found to confirm the efficacy of herbal medicines compared to FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore, future clinical studies are needed to accelerate the potential use of natural compounds in the management of these diseases.

Apoptosis evasion via long non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer

Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) is a novel and diverse class of regulatory transcripts that are frequently dysregulated in numerous tumor types. LncRNAs are involved in a complicated molecular network, regulating gene expression, and modulating diverse cellular activities in different cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). Evidence indicates that lncRNAs can be used as a potential biomarker for the prognosis and diagnosis of CRC as they are aberrantly expressed in CRC cells. The high expression or silencing of lncRNAs is associated with cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, chemoresistance and apoptosis in CRC. LncRNAs exert both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic functions in CRC. The expression of some oncogene lncRNAs is upregulated which leads to the inhibition of apoptotic pathways, similarly, the tumor suppressor lncRNAs are downregulated in CRC. In this review, we describe the function and mechanisms of lncRNAs to regulate the expression of genes that are involved directly or indirectly in controlling cellular apoptosis in CRC. Furthermore, we also discussed the different apoptotic pathways in normal cells and the mechanisms by which CRC evade apoptosis.

Advances in the Application of Electrospun Drug-Loaded Nanofibers in the Treatment of Oral Ulcers

Oral ulcers affect oral and systemic health and have high prevalence in the population. There are significant individual differences in the etiology and extent of the disease among patients. In the treatment of oral ulcers, nanofiber films can control the drug-release rate and enable long-term local administration. Compared to other drug-delivery methods, nanofiber films avoid the disadvantages of frequent administration and certain side effects. Electrospinning is a simple and effective method for preparing nanofiber films. Currently, electrospinning technology has made significant breakthroughs in energy-saving and large-scale production. This paper summarizes the polymers that enable oral mucosal adhesion and the active pharmaceutical ingredients used for oral ulcers. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of currently available electrospun nanofiber films on oral ulcers in animal experiments and clinical trials are investigated. In addition, solvent casting and cross-linking methods can be used in conjunction with electrospinning techniques. Based on the literature, more administration systems with different polymers and loading components can be inspired. These administration systems are expected to have synergistic effects and achieve better therapeutic effects. This not only provides new possibilities for drug-loaded nanofibers but also brings new hope for the treatment of oral ulcers.

The effects of thymoquinone on pancreatic cancer: Evidence from preclinical studies

Thymoquinone (TQ) is a secondary metabolite found in abundance in very few plant species including Nigella sativa L., Monarda fistulosa L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Satureja montana L. Preclinical pharmacological studies have shown that TQ has many biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that TQ acts as an antitumor agent by altering cell cycle progression, inhibiting cell proliferation, stimulating apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, reducing metastasis and affecting autophagy. In this comprehensive study, the evidence on the pharmacological potential of TQ on pancreatic cancer is reviewed. The positive results of preclinical studies support the view that TQ can be considered as an additional therapeutic agent against pancreatic cancer. The possibilities of success for this compound in human medicine should be further explored through clinical trials.

Essential Oils as Multicomponent Mixtures and Their Potential for Human Health and Well-Being

Essential oils (EOs) and their individual volatile organic constituents have been an inherent part of our civilization for thousands of years. They are widely used as fragrances in perfumes and cosmetics and contribute to a healthy diet, but also act as active ingredients of pharmaceutical products. Their antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties have qualified EOs early on for both, the causal and symptomatic therapy of a number of diseases, but also for prevention. Obtained from natural, mostly plant materials, EOs constitute a typical example of a multicomponent mixture (more than one constituent substances, MOCS) with up to several hundreds of individual compounds, which in a sophisticated composition make up the property of a particular complete EO. The integrative use of EOs as MOCS will play a major role in human and veterinary medicine now and in the future and is already widely used in some cases, e.g., in aromatherapy for the treatment of psychosomatic complaints, for inhalation in the treatment of respiratory diseases, or topically administered to manage adverse skin diseases. The diversity of molecules with different functionalities exhibits a broad range of multiple physical and chemical properties, which are the base of their multi-target activity as opposed to single isolated compounds. Whether and how such a broad-spectrum effect is reflected in natural mixtures and which kind of pharmacological potential they provide will be considered in the context of ONE Health in more detail in this review.

Assessment of mechanism involved in the apoptotic and anti-cancer activity of Quercetin and Quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles

In prior studies, Quercetin was revealed to exhibit anti-cancer features in a variety of cancer cell lines. However, the impact of Quercetin on neuroblastoma is unknown. This study looked into the potential cytotoxic effects of Quercetin and Quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) on the SH-SY5Y cell line. In this study, NPs containing Quercetin was prepared and characterization studies were performed. The vitality of the cells was measured using the XTT test after 24 h of treatment with various concentrations of Quercetin (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 µg/mL). ELISA kits were used to detect the amounts of cleaved PARP, BCL-2, 8-Hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), cleaved caspase 3, Bax, total oxidant status, and total antioxidant status in the cells. The results of the chitosan NPs characterization investigation revealed that the particle size, encapsulation effectiveness, and drug release profile of NPs were all appropriate for cell culture studies. Quercetin and Quercetin-loaded chitosan NPs significantly reduced cell viability in SH-SY5Y cells at different concentrations (**p < 0.05). 2 µg/mL Quercetin and Quercetin-loaded chitosan NPs significantly enhanced the levels of 8-oxo-dG, cleaved caspase 3, Bax, cleaved PARP, and total oxidant in ELISA testing. However, treatment with 2 µg/mL of Quercetin and Quercetin-loaded chitosan NPs did not affect the amount of BCL-2 protein. Overall, Quercetin and Quercetin-loaded chitosan NPs caused significant cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells via producing oxidative stress, DNA damage, and eventually apoptosis.

Potential mechanisms of quercetin in cancer prevention: focus on cellular and molecular targets

Over the past few years, the cancer-related disease has had a high mortality rate and incidence worldwide, despite clinical advances in cancer treatment. The drugs used for cancer therapy, have high side effects in addition to the high cost. Subsequently, to reduce these side effects, many studies have suggested the use of natural bioactive compounds. Among these, which have recently attracted the attention of many researchers, quercetin has such properties. Quercetin, a plant flavonoid found in fresh fruits, vegetables and citrus fruits, has anti-cancer properties by inhibiting tumor proliferation, invasion, and tumor metastasis. Several studies have demonstrated the anti-cancer mechanism of quercetin, and these mechanisms are controlled through several signalling pathways within the cancer cell. Pathways involved in this process include apoptotic, p53, NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. In addition to regulating these pathways, quercetin controls the activity of oncogenic and tumor suppressor ncRNAs. Therefore, in this comprehensive review, we summarized the regulation of these signalling pathways by quercetin. The modulatory role of quercetin in the expression of various miRNAs has also been discussed. Understanding the basic anti-cancer mechanisms of these herbal compounds can help prevent and manage many types of cancer.

Azoxystrobin induces apoptosis via PI3K/AKT and MAPK signal pathways in oral leukoplakia progression

Background: Oral leukoplakia (OLK) is one of the oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) with an increased risk of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). There is no ideal therapeutic drug yet. Our previous study showed azoxystrobin (AZOX) inhibited the viability of OLK cells and the incidence of mouse tongue cancer. However, its specific mechanism has not been clarified. Here, we used network pharmacology with experimental validation to investigate the roles and mechanisms of AZOX in OLK.

Methods: The targets of AZOX and OLK were obtained from online databases. The overlapping genes were identified by the Jvenn database. STRING and Cytoscape software were used to construct the PPI network. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were used to analyze the biological function. Molecular docking and CETSA were used to verify the direct binding between AZOX and its key targets. 4NQO induced mouse tongue carcinogenesis model was constructed to clarify the treatment response of AZOX in vivo. TUNEL staining was performed to detect the effect of AZOX on apoptosis in mouse OLK tissues. CCK8 assay, flow cytometry, and western blot were used to detect the effect of AZOX on cell proliferation and apoptosis in DOK cells. The expression of PI3K/AKT and MAPK markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in vivo or by western blot in vitro.

Results: Venn diagram showed 457 overlapping targets, which were involved in the PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and apoptosis pathways, and the top 5 hub modules were TP53, STAT3, AKT1, MAPK1, and PIK3R1. AZOX was bound with the highest force to AKT and PI3K by AutoDock Vina. PyMOL software visualized that AZOX could fit in the binding pocket of the AKT and PI3K. The carcinogenesis rate of the mouse OLK in the high-dose AZOX group was significantly reduced. AZOX induced apoptosis in the OLK tissues and DOK cells, and the expression of PI3K, AKT, p-ERK was decreased, and the expression of p-p38 and p-JNK was increased. CETSA indicated that AZOX might have a direct binding with AKT and PI3K.

Conclusion: AZOX may induce apoptosis via PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways in OLK. This study reveals the potential therapeutic targets of AZOX in OLK.

Phytotherapy: A Solution to Decrease Antifungal Resistance in the Dental Field

The pathologies produced by fungi in the oral cavity in recent decades have become a health problem, with factors such as an imbalance of the local microbiota being the cause for their propagation. Conventional antifungal treatments, instead of being beneficial, have generated alterations that have led to antifungal resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe phytotherapy resources as a possible solution to oral antifungal resistance. A bibliographic search was carried out on platforms such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google scholar. A total of 248 scientific articles were obtained, of which 108 met the inclusion criteria. Microorganisms of fungal origin currently show resistance to the different antifungals of conventional use, which is undoubtedly altering the oral health of human beings, but there are new therapeutic possibilities such as the active principles of various natural species.

Protective Effects of Cannabidiol on Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis via the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE Signaling Pathways

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common complication during chemotherapy characterized by ulceration, mucosa atrophy, and necrosis, which seriously interferes with nutritional intake and oncotherapy procedures among patients. However, the efficacy of current treatments for OM remains limited. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a natural cannabinoid with multiple biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. In this study, we aimed to investigate the chemopreventive effects and mechanisms of CBD in protecting C57BL/6N mice and human oral keratinocytes (HOK) from 5-fluorouracil- (5-FU-) induced OM. Here, we found that CBD alleviated the severity of 5-FU-induced OM in mice, including improved survival, decreased body weight loss, reduced ulcer sizes, and improved clinical scores. Histologically, CBD restored epithelial thickness and normal structure in tongue tissues. Meanwhile, CBD attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and improved the antioxidant response, suppressed the inflammatory response, promoted the proliferation of epithelial cells, and inhibited 5-FU-induced apoptosis. In vitro, consistent outcomes showed that CBD suppressed cellular ROS levels, enhanced antioxidant ability, reduced inflammatory response, promoted proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis in 5-FU-treated HOK cells. In particular, CBD upregulated the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), by increasing the expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and decreasing Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Notably, the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 reversed the protective effect of CBD. Nrf2-siRNA transfection also significantly blunted the antioxidant effect of CBD in in vitro OM model. Collectively, our findings suggested that CBD protected against 5-FU-induced OM injury at least partially via the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling pathways, highlighting the therapeutic prospects of CBD as a novel strategy for chemotherapy-induced OM.

The association between dietary polyphenol intake and cardiometabolic factors in overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The previous evidence shows that there is an association between total dietary polyphenols intake (DPI) and its subclasses and lower risk of metabolic Syndrome (MetS). This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate associations between DPI and cardiometabolic factors in Iranian women.

METHODS

A total of 404 Iranian women were included in this study. Dietary intakes and polyphenols intakes were measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the Phenol-Explorer database, respectively. Biochemical variables and blood pressure were evaluated using Pars Azmoon kits and mercury sphygmomanometer.

RESULTS

The mean intake of total polyphenol was 2533.96 ± 1223.67 g. While there were significant negative associations between stilbenes and lignans intake and body mass index (BMI) (P-value = 0.04; P-value = 0.02, respectively), beverages containing phenolic acids and hip circumference (HC) (P-value = 0.02), total polyphenols intake and weight to hip ratio (WHR) (P-value = 0.04). Also there was significant negative associations between stilbenes intake and cholesterol (CHOL) level (P-value = 0.03), other polyphenols intake and triglyceride (TG) ((P-value = 0.01), lignan intake and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P-value = 0.03).

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrated that dietary polyphenols were associated with cardiometabolic factors in Iranian women. Prospective and interventional studies in both genders, different populations and ethnicities need to be conducted to further the knowledge about examine associations between consumption of polyphenols and metabolic component.

Stem cell transplantation patients receiving a novel oral care protocol for oral mucositis prevention and treatment: patient-reported outcomes and quality of life

BACKGROUND

Oral mucositis (OM) is one of the most debilitating effects of toxicity due to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) conditioning regimens. The aim of this secondary analysis of the data of a phase II study designed to assess the efficacy of a novel oral care protocol containing bovine colostrum and aloe vera to prevent oral mucositis was to compare outcomes reported by patients with those collected by healthcare professionals (HCPs).

METHOD

Data on oral mucositis severity, duration, time of onset and related pain were collected from patients using the Oral Mucositis Daily Questionnaire (OMDQ). HCPs assessed the same outcomes using the World Health Organization oral mucositis scale and pain numerical rating scale. Quality of life was assessed with the 3-level EuroQol-5 dimensions.

RESULTS

Fifty-nine autologous/allogeneic graft patients were recruited, 46 of whom (78.0%) experienced OM. Mean onset was 9.1 (SD ± 3.5) days after conditioning initiation, mean duration was 10.4 (SD ± 4.3) days, and the average maximum pain score was 3.7 (SD ± 2.7). Self-administration of the OMDQ detected oral symptoms at least 1 day sooner compared to objective assessments (p = 0.025). Significant differences were observed between the patient-reported and the HCP-assessment data on oral mucositis severity grading distribution (p < 0.0001) and highest pain score (p < 0.0001). Quality of life score variations were correlated with changes in oral mucositis severity during patients' hospital stay.

CONCLUSIONS

Further studies are necessary to improve the understanding of these findings; a randomised controlled trial is being set up at our institution.

The Aerial Parts of Bupleurum Chinense DC. Aromatic Oil Attenuate Kainic Acid-Induced Epilepsy-Like Behavior and Its Potential Mechanisms

The aerial parts of Bupleurum Chinense DC. aromatic oil (BAO) were a well-known Chinese herbal medicine plant extract used to treat epilepsy. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of BAO on kainic acid- (KA-) induced epileptic rats and the possible mechanism of its antiepileptic effect. The composition and content of BAO were analyzed by GC-MS, and BAO was administered orally to alleviate the epileptic behavior induced by KA brain injection. The behavior of epileptic rats was determined by Racine grading criteria. And hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE), Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, Elisa, Western blot, and other methods were used to study the antiepileptic mechanism of BAO, and the possible mechanism was verified by the epileptic cell model of hippocampal neurons induced by the low-Mg2+ extracellular fluid. BAO was mainly composed of terpenoids and aliphatic compounds. And BAO could improve KA-induced epilepsy-like behavior, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter abnormalities in the hippocampus. Furthermore, BAO could regulate the expression of GABA, NMDAR1, Notch1, and MAP2 to improve the symptoms of epilepsy. These results were also validated at the cellular level. These results indicated that BAO could alleviate the epilepsy-like behavior through the action of the Notch/NMDAR/GABA pathway.

Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites Based on the Regulation of MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA), a noncoding ribonucleic acid, is considered to be important for the progression of gene expression in plants and animals by rupture or translational repression of targeted mRNAs. Many types of miRNA regulate plant metabolism, growth, and response to biotic and abiotic factors. miRNA characterization helps to expose its function in regulating the process of post-transcriptional genetic regulation. There are a lot of factors associated with miRNA function, but the function of miRNA in the organic synthesis of by-products by natural products is not yet fully elucidated. The current review is aimed at observing and characterizing miRNAs and identifying those involved in the functioning of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants, with their use in controlled manipulation.

Interactions of selected cardiovascular active natural compounds with CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors: a molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and pharmacokinetic/toxicity prediction study

BACKGROUND

The chemokine CXCL12 and its two receptors (CXCR4 and CXCR7) are involved in inflammation and hematopoietic cell trafficking. This study was designed to investigate molecular docking interactions of four popular cardiovascular-active natural compounds; curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, and eucalyptol; with these receptors and to predict their drug-like properties. We hypothesize that these compounds can modify CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 pathway offering benefits for coronary artery disease patients.

METHODS

Docking analyses were carried and characterized by Molecular Environment (MOE) software. Protein Data Bank ( http://www.rcsb.org/ ) has been retrieved from protein structure generation and crystal structures of CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors (PDB code = 3ODU and 6K3F). The active sites of these receptors were evaluated and extracted from full protein and molecular docking protocol was done for compounds against them. The presented parameters included docking scores, ligand binding efficiency, and hydrogen bonding. The pharmacokinetic/toxic properties (ADME/T) were calculated using SwissADME, ProTox-II, and Pred-hERG softwares to predict drug-like properties of the compounds. The thermochemical and molecular orbital analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations were also done.

RESULTS

All compounds showed efficient interactions with the CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors. The docking scores toward proteins 3ODU of CXCR4 and 6K3F of CXCR7 were - 7.71 and - 7.17 for curcumin, - 5.97 and - 6.03 for quercetin, - 5.68 and - 5.49 for trans-resveratrol, and - 4.88 and - 4.70 for (1 s,4 s)-eucalyptol respectively indicating that all compounds, except quercetin, have more interactions with CXCR4 than with CXCR7. The structurally and functionally important residues in the interactive sites of docked CXCR4-complex and CXCR7-complex were identified. The ADME analysis showed that the compounds have drug-like properties. Only (1 s,4 s)-Eucalyptol has potential weak cardiotoxicity. The results of thermochemical and molecular orbital analysis and molecular dynamics simulation validated outcomes of molecular docking study.

CONCLUSIONS

Curcumin showed the top binding interaction against active sites of CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors, with the best safety profile, followed by quercetin, resveratrol, and eucalyptol. All compounds demonstrated drug-like properties. Eucalyptol has promising potential because it can be used by inhalation or skin massage. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to find binding interactions of these natural agents with CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors and to predict their druggability.

Therapeutic Applications of Curcumin in Diabetes: A Review and Perspective

Diabetes is a metabolic disease with multifactorial causes which requires lifelong drug therapy as well as lifestyle changes. There is now growing scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of the use of herbal supplements in the prevention and control of diabetes. Curcumin is one of the most studied bioactive components of traditional medicine, but its physicochemical characteristics are represented by low solubility, poor absorption, and low efficacy. Nanotechnology-based pharmaceutical formulations can help overcome the problems of reduced bioavailability of curcumin and increase its antidiabetic effects. The objectives of this review were to review the effects of nanocurcumin on DM and to search for databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE and ScienceDirect. The results showed that the antidiabetic activity of nanocurcumin is due to complex pharmacological mechanisms by reducing the characteristic hyperglycemia of DM. In light of these results, nanocurcumin may be considered as potential agent in the pharmacotherapeutic management of patients with diabetes.

Taste and chemical composition as drives for utilitarian redundancy and equivalence: a case study in local medical systems in Northeastern Brazil

BACKGROUND

We aimed to verify whether the taste and chemical composition influence the selection of plants in each medicinal category, whether within a socio-ecological system or between different socio-ecological systems. To this end, we use the theoretical bases of the Utilitarian Redundancy Model and the Utilitarian Equivalence Model. We studied the local medical systems of four rural communities in northeastern Brazil, used as models to test our assumptions.

METHODS

The data on medicinal plants and local therapeutic function were obtained from semi-structured interviews associated with the free-listing method, allowing to generate indexes of similarity of therapeutic use between the plants cited in each region. During the interviews, each informer was also asked to report the tastes of the plants cited. Subsequently, we classified each plant in each region according to the most cited taste. The data about the chemical composition of each plant were obtained from a systematic review, using Web of Knowledge and Scopus databases.

RESULTS

Pairs of plants with similar tastes are 1.46 times more likely to have the same therapeutic function within a local medical system (redundancy), but not between medical systems (equivalence). We also find that chemical compounds are not primarily responsible for utilitarian redundancy and equivalence. However, there was a tendency for alkaloids to be doubly present with greater expressiveness in pairs of equivalent plants.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that each social group can create its means of using the organoleptic characteristics as clues to select new species as medicinal. Furthermore, this study corroborates the main prediction of the Utilitarian Equivalence Model, that people in different environments choose plants with traits in common for the same functions.

Nutraceutical Profiling, Bioactive Composition, and Biological Applications of Lepidium sativum L

The roots, leaves, and seeds of Lepidium sativum L., popularly known as Garden cress in different regions, have high economic importance; although, the crop is particularly cultivated for the seeds. In traditional medicine, this plant has been reported to possess various biological activities. This review is aimed at providing updated and critical scientific information about the traditional, nutritional, phytochemical, and biological activities of L. sativum. In addition, the geographic distribution is also reviewed. The comprehensive literature search was carried out with the help of different search engines PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. This review highlighted the importance of L. sativum as an edible herb that possesses a wide range of therapeutic properties along with high nutritional values. Preclinical studies (in vitro and in vivo) displayed anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, gastrointestinal, and fracture/bone healing activities of L. sativum and support the clinical importance of plant-derived bioactive compounds for the treatment of different diseases. Screening of literature revealed that L. sativum species and their bioactive compounds may be a significant source for new drug compounds and also could be used against malnutrition. Further clinical trials are needed to effectively assess the actual potential of the species and its bioactive compounds.