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Piazza A, Carlone R, Spencer GE. Non-canonical retinoid signaling in neural development, regeneration and synaptic function. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1371135. [PMID: 38516042 PMCID: PMC10954794 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1371135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonical retinoid signaling via nuclear receptors and gene regulation is critical for the initiation of developmental processes such as cellular differentiation, patterning and neurite outgrowth, but also mediates nerve regeneration and synaptic functions in adult nervous systems. In addition to canonical transcriptional regulation, retinoids also exert rapid effects, and there are now multiple lines of evidence supporting non-canonical retinoid actions outside of the nucleus, including in dendrites and axons. Together, canonical and non-canonical retinoid signaling provide the precise temporal and spatial control necessary to achieve the fine cellular coordination required for proper nervous system function. Here, we examine and discuss the evidence supporting non-canonical actions of retinoids in neural development and regeneration as well as synaptic function, including a review of the proposed molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaynor E. Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Barton LJ, Sanny J, Packard Dawson E, Nouzova M, Noriega FG, Stadtfeld M, Lehmann R. Juvenile hormones direct primordial germ cell migration to the embryonic gonad. Curr Biol 2024; 34:505-518.e6. [PMID: 38215744 PMCID: PMC10872347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Germ cells are essential to sexual reproduction. Across the animal kingdom, extracellular signaling isoprenoids, such as retinoic acids (RAs) in vertebrates and juvenile hormones (JHs) in invertebrates, facilitate multiple processes in reproduction. Here we investigated the role of these potent signaling molecules in embryonic germ cell development, using JHs in Drosophila melanogaster as a model system. In contrast to their established endocrine roles during larval and adult germline development, we found that JH signaling acts locally during embryonic development. Using an in vivo biosensor, we observed active JH signaling first within and near primordial germ cells (PGCs) as they migrate to the developing gonad. Through in vivo and in vitro assays, we determined that JHs are both necessary and sufficient for PGC migration. Analysis into the mechanisms of this newly uncovered paracrine JH function revealed that PGC migration was compromised when JHs were decreased or increased, suggesting that specific titers or spatiotemporal JH dynamics are required for robust PGC colonization of the gonad. Compromised PGC migration can impair fertility and cause germ cell tumors in many species, including humans. In mammals, retinoids have many roles in development and reproduction. We found that like JHs in Drosophila, RA was sufficient to impact mouse PGC migration in vitro. Together, our study reveals a previously unanticipated role of isoprenoids as local effectors of pre-gonadal PGC development and suggests a broadly shared mechanism in PGC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J Barton
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Justina Sanny
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Emily Packard Dawson
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marcela Nouzova
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th) Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Fernando Gabriel Noriega
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th) Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Stadtfeld
- Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E 69th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Context-Dependent Role of miR-124 in Retinoic Acid-Induced Growth Cone Attraction of Regenerating Motorneurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:847-869. [PMID: 33094464 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During development and regeneration, growth cones at the tips of extending axons navigate through a complex environment to establish accurate connections with appropriate targets. Growth cones can respond rapidly to classical and non-classical guidance cues in their environment, often requiring local protein synthesis. In vertebrate growth cones, local protein synthesis in response to classical cues can require regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, conserved, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. However, less is known of how miRNAs mediate growth cone responses to non-classical cues (such as retinoic acid (RA)), specifically in invertebrates. Here, we utilized adult regenerating invertebrate motorneurons to study miRNA regulation of growth cone attraction to RA, shown to require local protein synthesis. In situ hybridization revealed the presence of miR-124 in growth cones of regenerating ciliary motorneurons of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. Changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of miR-124 occurred following application of RA, and dysregulation of miR-124 (with mimic injection), disrupted RA-induced growth cone turning in a time-dependent manner. This behavioural regulation by miR-124 was altered when the neurite was transected, and the growth cone completely separated from the soma. miR-124 did not, however, appear to be involved in growth cone attraction to serotonin, a response independent of local protein synthesis. Finally, we provide evidence that a downstream effector of RhoGTPases, ROCK, is a potential target of miR-124 during RA-induced growth cone responses. These data advance our current understanding of how microRNAs might mediate cue- and context-dependent behaviours during axon guidance.
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Schubert M, Gibert Y. Retinoids in Embryonic Development. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091278. [PMID: 32899684 PMCID: PMC7564826 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schubert
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-4-93-76-37-91
| | - Yann Gibert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
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