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Harahap U, Syahputra RA, Ahmed A, Nasution A, Wisely W, Sirait ML, Dalimunthe A, Zainalabidin S, Taslim NA, Nurkolis F, Kim B. Current insights and future perspectives of flavonoids: A promising antihypertensive approach. Phytother Res 2024; 38:3146-3168. [PMID: 38616386 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension, or high blood pressure (BP), is a complex disease influenced by various risk factors. It is characterized by persistent elevation of BP levels, typically exceeding 140/90 mmHg. Endothelial dysfunction and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability play crucial roles in hypertension development. L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an analog of L-arginine, inhibits endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) enzymes, leading to decreased NO production and increased BP. Animal models exposed to L-NAME manifest hypertension, making it a useful design for studying the hypertension condition. Natural products have gained interest as alternative approaches for managing hypertension. Flavonoids, abundant in fruits, vegetables, and other plant sources, have potential cardiovascular benefits, including antihypertensive effects. Flavonoids have been extensively studied in cell cultures, animal models, and, to lesser extent, in human trials to evaluate their effectiveness against L-NAME-induced hypertension. This comprehensive review summarizes the antihypertensive activity of specific flavonoids, including quercetin, luteolin, rutin, troxerutin, apigenin, and chrysin, in L-NAME-induced hypertension models. Flavonoids possess antioxidant properties that mitigate oxidative stress, a major contributor to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. They enhance endothelial function by promoting NO bioavailability, vasodilation, and the preservation of vascular homeostasis. Flavonoids also modulate vasoactive factors involved in BP regulation, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelin-1. Moreover, they exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, attenuating inflammation-mediated hypertension. This review provides compelling evidence for the antihypertensive potential of flavonoids against L-NAME-induced hypertension. Their multifaceted mechanisms of action suggest their ability to target multiple pathways involved in hypertension development. Nonetheless, the reviewed studies contribute to the evidence supporting the useful of flavonoids for hypertension prevention and treatment. In conclusion, flavonoids represent a promising class of natural compounds for combating hypertension. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource summarizing the current knowledge on the antihypertensive effects of specific flavonoids, facilitating further investigation and guiding the development of novel therapeutic strategies for hypertension management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urip Harahap
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Rony Abdi Syahputra
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Amer Ahmed
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Azhari Nasution
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Wenny Wisely
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Maureen Lazurit Sirait
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Aminah Dalimunthe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Satirah Zainalabidin
- Biomedical Science, Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Study, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurpudji Astuti Taslim
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Fahrul Nurkolis
- Department of Biological Sciences, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga (UIN Sunan Kalijaga), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Villanueva A, Rivero-Pino F, Martin ME, Gonzalez-de la Rosa T, Montserrat-de la Paz S, Millan-Linares MC. Identification of the Bioavailable Peptidome of Chia Protein Hydrolysate and the In Silico Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and ACE Inhibitory Potential. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3189-3199. [PMID: 38305180 PMCID: PMC10870759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of novel, functional, and sustainable foods in human diets is increasing because of their beneficial effects and environmental-friendly nature. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) has proved to be a suitable source of bioactive peptides via enzymatic hydrolysis. These peptides could be responsible for modulating several physiological processes if able to reach the target organ. The bioavailable peptides contained in a hydrolysate obtained with Alcalase, as functional foods, were identified using a transwell system with Caco-2 cell culture as the absorption model. Furthermore, 20 unique peptides with a molecular weight lower than 1000 Da and the higher statistical significance of the peptide-precursor spectrum match (-10 log P) were assessed by in silico tools to suggest which peptides could be those exerting the demonstrated bioactivity. From the characterized peptides, considering the molecular features and the results obtained, the peptides AGDAHWTY, VDAHPIKAM, PNYHPNPR, and ALPPGAVHW are anticipated to be contributing to the antioxidant and/or ACE inhibitor activity of the chia protein hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Villanueva
- Department
of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa
(IG-CSIC), Ctra. Utrera
Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Rivero-Pino
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School
of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Instituto
de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital
Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Maria E. Martin
- Department
of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University
of Seville, Av. Reina
Mercedes s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Teresa Gonzalez-de la Rosa
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School
of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Instituto
de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital
Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Sergio Montserrat-de la Paz
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School
of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Instituto
de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital
Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Maria C. Millan-Linares
- Department
of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa
(IG-CSIC), Ctra. Utrera
Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School
of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
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Huang JH, Nong NTP, Hsu JL. An Efficient Peptidomics Screening for Exogenous Substrates and Inhibitory Peptides of the Dipeptidase ACE from Milk Hydrolysate. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020425. [PMID: 36839747 PMCID: PMC9965520 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The dipeptidase angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) pre-incubation, liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and stable-isotope labeling were integrated for an efficient screening of ACE's exogenous substrates from milk hydrolysate. Using this approach, 31 substrates were readily identified from 478 identified peptides and their activities were confirmed using synthetic peptides. Their reactivity is highly correlated with the decreased isotope ratio observed in LC-MS. Among these substrates, the most frequently observed residue at the P1' position was Leu/Ser. It also revealed that ACE would not cleave the peptide when P1' is Pro, P2' is Asp/Glu, or P1 position is Ile. Interestingly, the sequential two-stage hydrolysis was also found. Moreover, their protective effects against ACE-mediated hydrolysis of angiotensin I (Ang-I) were also examined. The result indicated that AYFYPELFR and HLPLPLLQSW can significantly retard the hydrolysis of Ang-I and act as substrate-type inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Nhung Thi Phuong Nong
- Department of Basic Science, Thainguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Quyetthang Ward, Thai Nguyen 250000, Vietnam
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Jue-Liang Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Safety Management, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Pratami T, Sitanggang AB, Wijaya CH. Produksi Hidrolisat Protein Kacang Koro Benguk dengan Aktivitas Penghambat Kerja Enzim Pengkonversi Angiotensin melalui Kombinasi Fermentasi dan Hidrolisis Enzimatik. JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN INDUSTRI PANGAN 2022. [DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2022.33.2.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucuna bean (Mucuna pruriens L.) is a legume having high protein content which has the potential as a source of bioactive peptides. One of the bioactive peptides is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, thus, mucuna beans might be used as a potential source of antihypertensive compounds. This study aimed to increase the functionality of proteins from mucuna beans as ACE inhibitors using a combination of fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis followed by membrane filtration. The mucuna beans were fermented for 0, 24, 48, 96, and 144 h. The highest ACE inhibitory activity of 54.37%, was obtained by fermentation of the beans at 48 h, with a protein content of 20.82 mg/mL. The 48 h fermented mucuna beans were further hydrolyzed using alcalase or neutrase and subsequently filtered with UF membranes having 20,10 and 5 kDa cut-off. The enzymatic hydrolysis followed by membrane filtration increased the ACE inhibitory activity of mucuna beans. The neutrase hydrolysates resulting from 5 kDa membrane filtration showed the best ACE inhibitory activity (62.96% with a protein content of 10.39 mg/mL). A combination of fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis followed by filtration using UF-membrane was able to produce ACE inhibitory peptides from mucuna beans. The potential of mucuna beans peptides as ACE inhibitors was due to the presence of negatively charged amino acid residues such as Asp and Glu, positively charged amino acids such as Arg and Lys, and hydrophobic amino acids such as Val, Leu, Ala, and Ile.
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Screening and Molecular Mechanisms of Novel ACE-Inhibitory Peptides from Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314850. [PMID: 36499176 PMCID: PMC9739792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate peptides with novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor activity were obtained from hydrolysates of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis by virtual screening method. Our results showed that G. lemaneiformis peptides (GLP) could significantly lower blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). At least 101 peptide sequences of GLP were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis and subjected to virtual screening. A total of 20 peptides with the highest docking score were selected and chemically synthesized in order to verify their ACE-inhibitory activities. Among them, SFYYGK, RLVPVPY, and YIGNNPAKG showed good effects with IC50 values of 6.45 ± 0.22, 9.18 ± 0.42, and 11.23 ± 0.23 µmoL/L, respectively. Molecular docking studies revealed that three peptides interacted with the active center of ACE by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic forces. These peptides could form stable complexes with ACE. Furthermore, SFYYGK, RLVPVPY, and YIGNNPAKG significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) in SHR. YIGNNPAKG exhibited the highest antihypertensive effect, with the largest decrease in SBP (approximately 23 mmHg). In conclusion, SFYYGK, RLVPVPY, and YIGNNPAKG can function as potent therapeutic candidates for hypertension treatment.
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Prediction of ACE-I Inhibitory Peptides Derived from Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.): In Silico Assessments Using Simulated Enzymatic Hydrolysis, Molecular Docking and ADMET Evaluation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111576. [PMID: 35681326 PMCID: PMC9180818 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) peptides have shown in vitro potential to inhibit the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE-I). However, the potential molecular interactions between chickpea peptides (CP) and ACE-I as well as their ADMET (absorption/distribution/metabolism/excretion/toxicity) characteristics remain unknown. Thus, our aim was to study the in silico interactions of CP with ACE-I and the CP ADMET characteristics. Legumin and provicilin sequences were submitted to in silico analysis to search for ACE-I inhibitory peptides. Simulated enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using the BIOPEP-UWM database, and the ACE-I inhibitory peptides generated (EC50 ≤ 200 μM) were selected to perform molecular docking and ADMET analysis. After hydrolysis, 59 out of 381 peptides with ACE-I inhibitory potential were released. Based on A and B parameters, the legumin peptides showed better ACE-I inhibitory potential than the provicilin ones. CP mainly interact with residues from pocket S1 (Ala354/Glu384) and S2 (His353/His513) through hydrogen bonds (distances < 3.0 Å) and hydrophobic interactions (binding energy from −5.7 to −9.2 kcal/mol). Through ADMET analysis, CP showed optimal values for inhibiting ACE-I in vivo. ACE-I inhibitory peptides from legumin and provicilin can bind strongly and tightly to the active site of ACE-I. Further studies to evaluate in vivo the antihypertensive effects of CP are warranted.
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O’Connor J, Garcia-Vaquero M, Meaney S, Tiwari BK. Bioactive Peptides from Algae: Traditional and Novel Generation Strategies, Structure-Function Relationships, and Bioinformatics as Predictive Tools for Bioactivity. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050317. [PMID: 35621968 PMCID: PMC9145204 DOI: 10.3390/md20050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, algae have been explored as alternative and sustainable protein sources for a balanced diet and more recently, as a potential source of algal-derived bioactive peptides with potential health benefits. This review will focus on the emerging processes for the generation and isolation of bioactive peptides or cryptides from algae, including: (1) pre-treatments of algae for the extraction of protein by physical and biochemical methods; and (2) methods for the generation of bioactive including enzymatic hydrolysis and other emerging methods. To date, the main biological properties of the peptides identified from algae, including anti-hypertensive, antioxidant and anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effects (for this review, anti-proliferative/cytotoxic will be referred to by the term anti-cancer), assayed in vitro and/or in vivo, will also be summarized emphasizing the structure–function relationship and mechanism of action of these peptides. Moreover, the use of in silico methods, such as quantitative structural activity relationships (QSAR) and molecular docking for the identification of specific peptides of bioactive interest from hydrolysates will be described in detail together with the main challenges and opportunities to exploit algae as a source of bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack O’Connor
- School of Biological & Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; (J.O.); (S.M.)
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland;
| | - Marco Garcia-Vaquero
- Section of Food and Nutrition, School Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-(01)-716-2513
| | - Steve Meaney
- School of Biological & Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; (J.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Brijesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland;
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Wenhui T, Shumin H, Yongliang Z, Liping S, Hua Y. Identification of in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory peptides from draft beer by virtual screening and molecular docking. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1085-1094. [PMID: 34309842 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension and diabetes are two kinds of senile diseases which often occur simultaneously. The commonly used drugs in clinic may produce certain side effects. Food-derived polypeptide is a kind of polypeptide with great development potential, which has many functions of regulating human physiological function. Beer is rich in nutrition but there are few researches on bioactive peptides in beer. RESULTS In this study, a rapid virtual screening method was established to obtain bioactive peptides from Tsingtao draft beer. The peptide sequence was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Orbitrap-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS2 ), and 50 peptides were identified. Eight peptides with potential biological activities were screened by using Peptide Ranker software and previous literature references. On the basis of absorption prediction, toxicity prediction, and molecular docking analysis, LNFDPNR and LPQQQAQFK were finally confirmed. The molecular docking results showed that two peptides could bind angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) tightly by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. The in vitro activity evaluation results showed that two peptides had obvious ACE and DPP-IV inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION This study established a method for rapidly screening bioactive peptides from Tsingtao draft beer, screened two ACE and DPP-IV inhibitory peptides in beer and analyzed their active action mechanism. This article may have great theoretical significance and practical value to further explore the health function of beer. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wenhui
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd. Qingdao, Qingdao, China
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Hu Shumin
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd. Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhuang Yongliang
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Sun Liping
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd. Qingdao, Qingdao, China
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Li J, Su J, Chen M, Chen J, Ding W, Li Y, Yin H. Two novel potent ACEI peptides isolated from Pinctada fucata meat hydrolysates using in silico analysis: identification, screening and inhibitory mechanisms. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12172-12182. [PMID: 35423777 PMCID: PMC8696521 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10476k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to discover potent angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory (ACEI) peptides from Pinctada fucata (P. fucata) for treating hypertension and to characterize them using in silico analysis. The P. fucata proteins were hydrolyzed by Alcalase®, a serine endopeptidase with broad selectivity, at various times (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 h). The degree of hydrolysis (DH) and ACEI activity of the different hydrolysates were measured. Considering the molecular weight and ACEI activity, the 10 h hydrolysate was purified by a series of traditional separation methods, including ultrafiltration, gel G-25 chromatography, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), with ACEI activity as a guide. The results showed two fractions, C17 and C18, eluted by means of semi-preparative RP-HPLC, and showed the highest ACEI activities of 80.33 ± 2.70% and 81.66 ± 0.29%, respectively, at 1 mg mL-1. The two fractions were then identified using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and their MS/MS spectra data were subjected to de novo sequencing. Subsequently, the potential ACEI peptides were screened by in silico methods, namely, to analyze the average local confidence (ALC) value obtained from the sequencing software and the P-value from the Pepsite 2. In total, 13 potential ACEI peptide sequences were obtained and identified from the two fractions by LC-ESI-MS/MS, and two novel tetrapeptides, FRVW (607.3314 Da) and LPYY (555.2881 Da), were screened for synthesis according to the in silico analysis. The in vitro ACEI tests indicated that FRVW and LPYY had IC50 values of 18.34 and 116.26 μM, respectively. The Lineweaver-Burk plot showed that FRVW was a noncompetitive inhibitor, and LPYY was shown to be a mixed-mode type inhibitor. A stability study against ACE indicated that both peptides were hydrolyzed by ACE to some extent, the higher ACEI activity following incubation with ACE indicating that they should be classified as pro-drug substrates. Molecular docking results showed that hydrophobic amino acids (HAAs) within peptides formed vital interactions including hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces and Pi-Pi interactions with ACE residues, which stabilized the enzyme-peptide complex. Furthermore, the docking results accorded with the inhibition kinetic mode. Our study demonstrated that FRVW and LPYY isolated from P. fucata have potential applications as antihypertensive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458 China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jilei Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458 China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Min Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458 China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210028 China
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210028 China
| | - Wenping Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458 China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yanqun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458 China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458 China
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Doan CT, Tran TN, Nguyen VB, Nguyen AD, Wang SL. Utilization of Seafood Processing By-Products for Production of Proteases by Paenibacillus sp. TKU052 and Their Application in Biopeptides' Preparation. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18110574. [PMID: 33233577 PMCID: PMC7699763 DOI: 10.3390/md18110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial fermentation of by-products is a renewable and efficient technique in the development of a range of useful products. In this study, protease synthesis by Paenibacillus sp. TKU052 was carried out on culture media containing some common seafood processing by-products (SPBPs) as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen (C/N). The most suitable C/N nutrition source for the production of proteases was found to be 3.0% (w/v) demineralized crab shells powder (deCSP) and maximal enzyme activity of 4.41 ± 0.16 U/mL was detected on the third day of the culture. Two proteases (P1 and P2) with a similar molecular weight of 31 kDa were successfully isolated and purified from the 3-day deCSP-containing medium. Both P1 and P2 exhibited the highest activity of gelatin hydrolysis at pH 6 and 60 °C. The gelatin hydrolysates catalyzed by Paenibacillus TKU052 proteases were evaluated for biological activities, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, and prebiotic activities. The gelatin hydrolysates expressed 31.76–43.95% DPPH radical scavenging activity and 31.58–36.84% ACE inhibitory activity, which was higher than those from gelatin. Gelatin hydrolysates also showed the growth-enhancing effect on Bifidobacterium bifidum BCRC 14615 with an increase to 135.70–147.81%. In short, Paenibacillus sp. TKU052 could be a potential strain to utilize crab shell wastes to produce proteases for bio-active peptides’ preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Thang Doan
- Department of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (V.B.N.); (A.D.N.)
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (V.B.N.); (A.D.N.)
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2621-5656; Fax: +886-2-2620-9924
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Nuchprapha A, Paisansak S, Sangtanoo P, Srimongkol P, Saisavoey T, Reamtong O, Choowongkomon K, Karnchanatat A. Two novel ACE inhibitory peptides isolated from longan seeds: purification, inhibitory kinetics and mechanisms. RSC Adv 2020; 10:12711-12720. [PMID: 35492113 PMCID: PMC9051311 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00093k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition offers a useful means of managing hypertension, because ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) are known to serve as agents with antihypertensive properties in addition to generating positive metabolic and cardioprotective outcomes. However, current ACEIs are linked to adverse consequences, and so there is a requirement for effective but safer compounds, which might be achieved through chemical synthesis or the isolation of naturally obtained bioactive molecules. Protein hydrolysates with ACEI activity can be produced by the combined pepsin and pancreatin proteolysis (to mimic gastrointestinal digestion) of longan seed protein. This study examined longan seed protein hydrolysates, obtained from a sequential 3 h digestion with pepsin and then pancreatin. The resulting hydrolysate underwent sequential ultrafiltration membrane fractionation with a 10, 5, and 3 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO). The permeate derived from the <3 kDa MWCO demonstrated the highest ACEI activity. This permeate subsequently underwent separation by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography to give the main fractions on the basis of differing elution times. The ACEI IC50 values for these fractions were then identified. Quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was employed to determine the peptide mass for the major peak (F 5), which was shown to be Glu-Thr-Ser-Gly-Met-Lys-Pro-Thr-Glu-Leu (ETSGMKPTEL) and Ile-Ser-Ser-Met-Gly-Ile-Leu-Val-Cys-Leu (ISSMGILVCL). These two peptides were stable over a temperature and pH range of -20 to 90 °C and 2-12, respectively, for 60 min. From the Lineweaver-Burk plot, both peptides inhibited ACE non-competitively. Molecular docking simulation of the peptides with ACE supported the formation of hydrogen bonds by the peptides with the ACE active pockets. This research indicates that it may be possible to use both of these peptides or longan seed protein hydrolysates in order to create ingredients for functional foods, or to produce pharmaceutical products, capable of lowering hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atthasith Nuchprapha
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Supawee Paisansak
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Papassara Sangtanoo
- Research Unit in Bioconversion/Bioseparation for Value-Added Chemical Production, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Piroonporn Srimongkol
- Research Unit in Bioconversion/Bioseparation for Value-Added Chemical Production, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Tanatorn Saisavoey
- Research Unit in Bioconversion/Bioseparation for Value-Added Chemical Production, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | | | - Aphichart Karnchanatat
- Research Unit in Bioconversion/Bioseparation for Value-Added Chemical Production, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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De Oliveira TV, Guimarães AP, Bressan GC, Maia ER, Coimbra JSDR, Polêto MD, De Oliveira EB. Structural and molecular bases of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition by bovine casein-derived peptides: an in silico molecular dynamics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1386-1403. [PMID: 32066337 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1730243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a key role in blood pressure regulation process, and its inhibition is one of the main drug targets for the treatment of hypertension. Though various peptides from milk proteins are well-known for their ACE-inhibitory capacity, research devoted to understand the molecular bases of such property remain scarce, specifically for such peptides. Therefore, in this work, computational molecular docking and molecular dynamics calculations were performed to enlighten the intermolecular interactions involved in ACE inhibition by six different casein-derived peptides (FFVAPFPEVFGK, FALPQYLK, ALNEINQFYQK, YLGYLEQLLR, HQGLPQEVLNENLLR and NAVPITPTLNR). Two top ranked docking poses for each peptide (one with N- and the other C-terminal peptide extremity oriented towards the ACE active site) were selected for dynamic simulations (50 ns; GROMOS53A6 force field), and the results were correlated to in vitro ACE inhibition capacity. Two molecular features appeared to be essential for peptides to present high ACE inhibition capacity in vitro: i) to interact with the S1 active site residues (Ala354, Glu384, and Tyr523) by hydrogen bonds; ii) to interact with Zn2+ coordinated residues (His383, His387, and Glu411) by short-lenght hydrogen bonds, as observed in the cases of ALNEINQFYQK (IACE = 80.7%), NAVPITPTLNR (IACE = 80.7%), and FALPQYLK (IACE = 79.0%). Regardless of the temporal stability of these strong interactions, they promoted some disruption of Zn2+ tetrahedral coordination during the molecular dynamics trajectories, and were pointed as the main reason for the greatest ACE inhibition by these peptides. On the other hand, peptides with intermediate inhibition capacity (50% < IACE < 45%) interacted mainly by weaker interactions (e.g.: electrostatic and hydrophobic) with the Zn2+ coordinated residues, and were not able to change significantly its tetrahedral coordination structure. These findings may: i) assist the discrimination in silico of "good" and "bad" ACE-inhibitory peptides from other food sources, and/or ii) aid in designing de novo new molecules with ACE-inhibitory capacity. Communicated by Ramaswamy Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Guimarães
- Departamento de Química (DEQ), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular (DBB), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Elaine Rose Maia
- Laboratório de Estudos Estruturais Moleculares (LEEM), Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Depólo Polêto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral (DBG), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Caballero J. Considerations for Docking of Selective Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020295. [PMID: 31940798 PMCID: PMC7024173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a two-domain dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase, which has a direct involvement in the control of blood pressure by performing the hydrolysis of angiotensin I to produce angiotensin II. At the same time, ACE hydrolyzes other substrates such as the vasodilator peptide bradykinin and the anti-inflammatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP. In this sense, ACE inhibitors are bioactive substances with potential use as medicinal products for treatment or prevention of hypertension, heart failures, myocardial infarction, and other important diseases. This review examined the most recent literature reporting ACE inhibitors with the help of molecular modeling. The examples exposed here demonstrate that molecular modeling methods, including docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), etc, are essential for a complete structural picture of the mode of action of ACE inhibitors, where molecular docking has a key role. Examples show that too many works identified ACE inhibitory activities of natural peptides and peptides obtained from hydrolysates. In addition, other works report non-peptide compounds extracted from natural sources and synthetic compounds. In all these cases, molecular docking was used to provide explanation of the chemical interactions between inhibitors and the ACE binding sites. For docking applications, most of the examples exposed here do not consider that: (i) ACE has two domains (nACE and cACE) with available X-ray structures, which are relevant for the design of selective inhibitors, and (ii) nACE and cACE binding sites have large dimensions, which leads to non-reliable solutions during docking calculations. In support of the solution of these problems, the structural information found in Protein Data Bank (PDB) was used to perform an interaction fingerprints (IFPs) analysis applied on both nACE and cACE domains. This analysis provides plots that identify the chemical interactions between ligands and both ACE binding sites, which can be used to guide docking experiments in the search of selective natural components or novel drugs. In addition, the use of hydrogen bond constraints in the S2 and S2′ subsites of nACE and cACE are suggested to guarantee that docking solutions are reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Caballero
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Casilla 721, Talca 3460000, Chile
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