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Berumen J, Orozco L, Gallardo-Rincón H, Rivas F, Barrera E, Benuto RE, García-Ortiz H, Marin-Medina M, Juárez-Torres E, Alvarado-Silva A, Ramos-Martinez E, MartÍnez-Juárez LA, Lomelín-Gascón J, Montoya A, Ortega-Montiel J, Alvarez-Hernández DA, Larriva-Shad J, Tapia-Conyer R. Sex differences in the influence of type 2 diabetes (T2D)-related genes, parental history of T2D, and obesity on T2D development: a case-control study. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:39. [PMID: 37291636 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effect of sex and age at type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosis on the influence of T2D-related genes, parental history of T2D, and obesity on T2D development. METHODS In this case-control study, 1012 T2D cases and 1008 healthy subjects were selected from the Diabetes in Mexico Study database. Participants were stratified by sex and age at T2D diagnosis (early, ≤ 45 years; late, ≥ 46 years). Sixty-nine T2D-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms were explored and the percentage contribution (R2) of T2D-related genes, parental history of T2D, and obesity (body mass index [BMI] and waist-hip ratio [WHR]) on T2D development was calculated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS T2D-related genes influenced T2D development most in males who were diagnosed early (R2 = 23.5%; females, R2 = 13.5%; males and females diagnosed late, R2 = 11.9% and R2 = 7.3%, respectively). With an early diagnosis, insulin production-related genes were more influential in males (76.0% of R2) while peripheral insulin resistance-associated genes were more influential in females (52.3% of R2). With a late diagnosis, insulin production-related genes from chromosome region 11p15.5 notably influenced males while peripheral insulin resistance and genes associated with inflammation and other processes notably influenced females. Influence of parental history was higher among those diagnosed early (males, 19.9%; females, 17.5%) versus late (males, 6.4%; females, 5,3%). Unilateral maternal T2D history was more influential than paternal T2D history. BMI influenced T2D development for all, while WHR exclusively influenced males. CONCLUSIONS The influence of T2D-related genes, maternal T2D history, and fat distribution on T2D development was greater in males than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Berumen
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Ciudad de Mexico, México.
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Héctor Gallardo-Rincón
- Universidad of Guadalajara, Health Sciences University Center, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
- Fundación Carlos Slim, Lago Zurich 245, Presa Falcon Building (Floor 20), Col. Ampliacion Granada, Miguel Hidalgo, 11529, Mexico City, México.
| | - Fernando Rivas
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Elizabeth Barrera
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Espiridión Ramos-Martinez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Luis Alberto MartÍnez-Juárez
- Fundación Carlos Slim, Lago Zurich 245, Presa Falcon Building (Floor 20), Col. Ampliacion Granada, Miguel Hidalgo, 11529, Mexico City, México
| | - Julieta Lomelín-Gascón
- Fundación Carlos Slim, Lago Zurich 245, Presa Falcon Building (Floor 20), Col. Ampliacion Granada, Miguel Hidalgo, 11529, Mexico City, México
| | - Alejandra Montoya
- Fundación Carlos Slim, Lago Zurich 245, Presa Falcon Building (Floor 20), Col. Ampliacion Granada, Miguel Hidalgo, 11529, Mexico City, México
| | - Janinne Ortega-Montiel
- Fundación Carlos Slim, Lago Zurich 245, Presa Falcon Building (Floor 20), Col. Ampliacion Granada, Miguel Hidalgo, 11529, Mexico City, México
| | - Diego-Abelardo Alvarez-Hernández
- Fundación Carlos Slim, Lago Zurich 245, Presa Falcon Building (Floor 20), Col. Ampliacion Granada, Miguel Hidalgo, 11529, Mexico City, México
| | - Jorge Larriva-Shad
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Roberto Tapia-Conyer
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, México
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