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Glaviano A, Wander SA, Baird RD, Yap KCH, Lam HY, Toi M, Carbone D, Geoerger B, Serra V, Jones RH, Ngeow J, Toska E, Stebbing J, Crasta K, Finn RS, Diana P, Vuina K, de Bruin RAM, Surana U, Bardia A, Kumar AP. Mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer treatment. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 76:101103. [PMID: 38943828 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Cell cycle dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer that promotes eccessive cell division. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) are key molecules in the G1-to-S phase cell cycle transition and are crucial for the onset, survival, and progression of breast cancer (BC). Small-molecule CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) block phosphorylation of tumor suppressor Rb and thus restrain susceptible BC cells in G1 phase. Three CDK4/6i are approved for the first-line treatment of patients with advanced/metastatic hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) BC in combination with endocrine therapy (ET). Though this has improved the clinical outcomes for survival of BC patients, there is no established standard next-line treatment to tackle drug resistance. Recent studies suggest that CDK4/6i can modulate other distinct effects in both BC and breast stromal compartments, which may provide new insights into aspects of their clinical activity. This review describes the biochemistry of the CDK4/6-Rb-E2F pathway in HR+ BC, then discusses how CDK4/6i can trigger other effects in BC/breast stromal compartments, and finally outlines the mechanisms of CDK4/6i resistance that have emerged in recent preclinical studies and clinical cohorts, emphasizing the impact of these findings on novel therapeutic opportunities in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Glaviano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Seth A Wander
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richard D Baird
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kenneth C-H Yap
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Hiu Yan Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Masakazu Toi
- School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniela Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Inserm U1015, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Violeta Serra
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert H Jones
- Cardiff University and Velindre Cancer Centre, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 636921, Singapore; Cancer Genetics Service (CGS), National Cancer Centre Singapore, 168583, Singapore
| | - Eneda Toska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Stebbing
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Karen Crasta
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore; Healthy Longetivity Translational Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Richard S Finn
- Department of Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Karla Vuina
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robertus A M de Bruin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Uttam Surana
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; SiNOPSEE Therapeutics Pte Ltd, A⁎STARTCentral, 139955, Singapore
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
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Apostolidou K, Zografos E, Papatheodoridi MA, Fiste O, Dimopoulos MA, Zagouri F. Oral SERDs alone or in combination with CDK 4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer: Current perspectives and clinical trials. Breast 2024; 75:103729. [PMID: 38599049 PMCID: PMC11011217 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2024.103729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, first-line therapy for treating advanced and metastatic HR+/HER2-breast cancer has transformed due to the introduction of adjuvant endocrine therapy with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK 4/6i). However, there is an unmet need for novel classes of endocrine therapy with superior efficacy to improve treatment outcomes and overcome CDK4/6i resistance. New generation selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs), orally administered and with higher bioavailability, could potentially be the novel compounds to meet this emerging need. In this paper, we review accredited clinical studies on the combining effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors and oral SERDs, report efficacy of treatment data when available, and provide a framework for future research focusing on these promising agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleoniki Apostolidou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, Athens, 11528, Greece.
| | - Eleni Zografos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, Athens, 11528, Greece
| | | | - Oraianthi Fiste
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, Athens, 11528, Greece
| | | | - Flora Zagouri
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, Athens, 11528, Greece
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Naik A, Lattab B, Qasem H, Decock J. Cancer testis antigens: Emerging therapeutic targets leveraging genomic instability in cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200768. [PMID: 38596293 PMCID: PMC10876628 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Cancer care has witnessed remarkable progress in recent decades, with a wide array of targeted therapies and immune-based interventions being added to the traditional treatment options such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, despite these advancements, the challenge of achieving high tumor specificity while minimizing adverse side effects continues to dictate the benefit-risk balance of cancer therapy, guiding clinical decision making. As such, the targeting of cancer testis antigens (CTAs) offers exciting new opportunities for therapeutic intervention of cancer since they display highly tumor specific expression patterns, natural immunogenicity and play pivotal roles in various biological processes that are critical for tumor cellular fitness. In this review, we delve deeper into how CTAs contribute to the regulation and maintenance of genomic integrity in cancer, and how these mechanisms can be exploited to specifically target and eradicate tumor cells. We review the current clinical trials targeting aforementioned CTAs, highlight promising pre-clinical data and discuss current challenges and future perspectives for future development of CTA-based strategies that exploit tumor genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adviti Naik
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Boucif Lattab
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hanan Qasem
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
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John A, Raza H. Azadirachtin Attenuates Carcinogen Benzo(a) Pyrene-Induced DNA Damage, Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis, Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2001. [PMID: 38001854 PMCID: PMC10669168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Azadirachtin (AZD), a limonoid from the versatile, tropical neem tree (Azadirachta indica), is well known for its many medicinal, and pharmacological effects. Its effects as an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer agent are well known. However, not many studies have explored the effects of AZD on toxicities induced by benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), a toxic component of cigarette smoke known to cause DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, leading to different kinds of cancer. In the present study, using HepG2 cells, we investigated the protective effects of Azadirachtin (AZD) against B(a)P-induced oxidative/nitrosative and metabolic stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment with 25 µM B(a)P for 24 h demonstrated an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by increased lipid peroxidation and DNA damage presumably, due to the increased metabolic activation of B(a)P by CYP 450 1A1/1A2 enzymes. We also observed intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, alterations in glutathione-dependent redox homeostasis, cell cycle arrest, and inflammation after B(a)P treatment. Cells treated with 25 µM AZD for 24 h showed decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis, partial protection from DNA damage, and an improvement in mitochondrial functions and bioenergetics. The improvement in antioxidant status, anti-inflammatory potential, and alterations in cell cycle regulatory markers qualify AZD as a potential therapeutic in combination with anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haider Raza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, 5th Postal Region, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
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Tang H, Yeo D, De Souza K, Ahmad O, Shafiq T, Ofor O, Anand A, Karim S, Khan S, Madhusudan S. Clinical Impact of CDK4/6 Inhibitors in De Novo or PR- or Very Elderly Post-Menopausal ER+/HER2- Advanced Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5164. [PMID: 37958338 PMCID: PMC10647609 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The CDK4/6 inhibitors significantly increase progression-free survival (PFS) in ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer patients. In clinical trials, overall survival (OS) improvement has been demonstrated for ribociclib and abemaciclib but not for palbociclib. We undertook a real-world evaluation of PFS and OS in 227 post-menopausal patients who received first-line CDK4/6 inhibitors. There is no significant difference in median PFS (27.5 months vs. 25.7 months, p = 0.3) or median OS (49.5 months vs. 50.2 months, p = 0.67) in patients who received either palbociclib or ribociclib, respectively. De novo disease is significantly associated with prolonged median PFS and median OS compared with recurrence disease (47.1 months vs. 20.3 months (p = 0.0002) and 77.4 months vs. 37.3 months (p = 0.0003), respectively). PR- tumours have significantly reduced median PFS and OS compared with PR+ disease (19.2 months vs. 38 months (p = 0.003) and 34.3 months vs. 62.6 months (p = 0.02), respectively). In the very elderly (>80 years), median PFS and OS are significantly shorter compared with patients who are 65 years or below (14.5 months vs. 30.2 months (p = 0.01), and 77.4 months vs. 29.6 months (p = 0.009), respectively) in the palbociclib group. Our data suggest that the benefit in the very elderly is limited, and PR+/de novo disease obtains the maximum survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Tang
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK (S.K.)
| | - Daniel Yeo
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK (S.K.)
| | - Karen De Souza
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Omar Ahmad
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK (S.K.)
| | - Tahir Shafiq
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK (S.K.)
| | - Okezie Ofor
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK (S.K.)
| | - Anjana Anand
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK (S.K.)
| | - Syed Karim
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK (S.K.)
| | - Sarah Khan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK (S.K.)
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK (S.K.)
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 3RD, UK
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6
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Sawant M, Wilson A, Sridaran D, Mahajan K, O'Conor CJ, Hagemann IS, Luo J, Weimholt C, Li T, Roa JC, Pandey A, Wu X, Mahajan NP. Epigenetic reprogramming of cell cycle genes by ACK1 promotes breast cancer resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitor. Oncogene 2023; 42:2263-2277. [PMID: 37330596 PMCID: PMC10348910 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancers exhibit high sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors such as palbociclib. However, most patients inevitably develop resistance, thus identification of new actionable therapeutic targets to overcome the recurrent disease is an urgent need. Immunohistochemical studies of tissue microarray revealed increased activation of non-receptor tyrosine kinase, ACK1 (also known as TNK2) in most of the breast cancer subtypes, independent of their hormone receptor status. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that the nuclear target of activated ACK1, pY88-H4 epigenetic marks, were deposited at cell cycle genes, CCNB1, CCNB2 and CDC20, which in turn initiated their efficient transcription. Pharmacological inhibition of ACK1 using its inhibitor, (R)-9b dampened CCNB1, CCNB2 and CDC20 expression, caused G2/M arrest, culminating in regression of palbociclib-resistant breast tumor growth. Further, (R)-9b suppressed expression of CXCR4 receptor, which resulted in significant impairment of metastasis of breast cancer cells to lung. Overall, our pre-clinical data identifies activated ACK1 as an oncogene that epigenetically controls the cell cycle genes governing the G2/M transition in breast cancer cells. ACK1 inhibitor, (R)-9b could be a novel therapeutic option for the breast cancer patients that have developed resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Sawant
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Audrey Wilson
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dhivya Sridaran
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kiran Mahajan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Conor
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ian S Hagemann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Cody Weimholt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tiandao Li
- Bioinformatics Research Core, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nupam P Mahajan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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7
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Gui W, Hang Y, Cheng W, Gao M, Wu J, Ouyang Z. Structural basis of CDK3 activation by cyclin E1 and inhibition by dinaciclib. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 662:126-134. [PMID: 37104883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle transitions are controlled by multiple cell cycle regulators, especially CDKs. Several CDKs, including CDK1-4 and CDK6, promote cell cycle progression directly. Among them, CDK3 is critically important because it triggers the transitions of G0 to G1 and G1 to S phase through binding to cyclin C and cyclin E1, respectively. In contrast to its highly related homologs, the molecular basis of CDK3 activation remains elusive due to the lack of structural information of CDK3, particularly in cyclin bound form. Here we report the crystal structure of CDK3 in complex with cyclin E1 at 2.25 Å resolution. CDK3 resembles CDK2 in that both adopt a similar fold and bind cyclin E1 in a similar way. The structural discrepancy between CDK3 and CDK2 may reflect their substrate specificity. Profiling a panel of CDK inhibitors reveals that dinaciclib inhibits CDK3-cyclin E1 potently and specifically. The structure of CDK3-cyclin E1 bound to dinaciclib reveals the inhibitory mechanism. The structural and biochemical results uncover the mechanism of CDK3 activation by cyclin E1 and lays a foundation for structural-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Gui
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, 6 Dongsheng Western Road, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, 214437, China
| | - Yumo Hang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Wang Cheng
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, 6 Dongsheng Western Road, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, 214437, China
| | - Minqi Gao
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, 6 Dongsheng Western Road, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, 214437, China
| | - Jiaquan Wu
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, 6 Dongsheng Western Road, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, 214437, China.
| | - Zhuqing Ouyang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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8
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The Potential Revolution of Cancer Treatment with CRISPR Technology. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061813. [PMID: 36980699 PMCID: PMC10046289 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immuno-oncology (IO) and targeted therapies, such as small molecule inhibitors, have changed the landscape of cancer treatment and prognosis; however, durable responses have been difficult to achieve due to tumor heterogeneity, development of drug resistance, and adverse effects that limit dosing and prolonged drug use. To improve upon the current medicinal armamentarium, there is an urgent need for new ways to understand, reverse, and treat carcinogenesis. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) 9 is a powerful and efficient tool for genome editing that has shown significant promise for developing new therapeutics. While CRISPR/Cas9 has been successfully used for pre-clinical cancer research, its use in the clinical setting is still in an early stage of development. The purpose of this review is to describe the CRISPR technology and to provide an overview of its current applications and future potential as cancer therapies.
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9
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He L, Shen H, Deng H, Zhang X, Xu Y, Shi C, Ouyang Z. Identification of critical residues in the regulatory protein HBx for Smc5/6 interaction and hepatitis B virus production. Antiviral Res 2023; 211:105519. [PMID: 36592669 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The host structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6 complex (Smc5/6) is a restriction factor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) that inhibits the transcription of viral ccDNA. HBV antagonizes this restriction by expressing the regulatory X protein (HBx) which targets Smc5/6 for degradation via DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) E3 ubiquitin ligase. However, the molecular insights into how Smc5/6 interacts with HBx remain elusive. In this study, we systematically investigated the interaction between Smc5/6 and HBx. Smc5/6 interacts with HBx through multiple sites in the absence of DDB1 in the pull-down assay. HBx C-terminal is sufficient for the interaction. Most importantly, residue Phe132, which is strictly conserved in all HBV subtypes, is critical for interaction with Smc5/6 both in vitro and in vivo. Mutation of this site (F132A) results in defect in Smc5/6 interaction, extrachromosomal reporter transcription, and HBV production both in cells and in mouse model. Collectively, our data identifies a key residue on HBx for Smc5/6 interaction and viral production. These results provide valuable information for both basic research and therapeutic drugs targeting HBx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430030, China
| | - Huanyu Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430030, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430030, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430030, China
| | - Chunwei Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430030, China
| | - Zhuqing Ouyang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430030, China.
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10
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Pang K, Wang W, Qin J, Shi Z, Hao L, Ma Y, Xu H, Wu Z, Pan D, Chen Z, Han C. Role of protein phosphorylation in cell signaling, disease, and the intervention therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e175. [DOI: 10.1002/mco2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Pang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University The Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Xuzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical College Southeast University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jia‐Xin Qin
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University The Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Xuzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Zhen‐Duo Shi
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University The Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Xuzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University The Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Xuzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yu‐Yang Ma
- Graduate School Bengbu Medical College Bengbu Anhui China
| | - Hao Xu
- Graduate School Bengbu Medical College Bengbu Anhui China
| | - Zhuo‐Xun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John's University, Queens New York New York USA
| | - Deng Pan
- Graduate School Bengbu Medical College Bengbu Anhui China
| | - Zhe‐Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John's University, Queens New York New York USA
| | - Cong‐Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University The Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Xuzhou Jiangsu China
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Cassinelli G, Pasquali S, Lanzi C. Beyond targeting amplified MDM2 and CDK4 in well differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas: From promise and clinical applications towards identification of progression drivers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:965261. [PMID: 36119484 PMCID: PMC9479065 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.965261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Well differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS and DDLPS) are tumors of the adipose tissue poorly responsive to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy which currently remains the standard-of-care. The dismal prognosis of the DDLPS subtype indicates an urgent need to identify new therapeutic targets to improve the patient outcome. The amplification of the two driver genes MDM2 and CDK4, shared by WDLPD and DDLPS, has provided the rationale to explore targeting the encoded ubiquitin-protein ligase and cell cycle regulating kinase as a therapeutic approach. Investigation of the genomic landscape of WD/DDLPS and preclinical studies have revealed additional potential targets such as receptor tyrosine kinases, the cell cycle kinase Aurora A, and the nuclear exporter XPO1. While the therapeutic significance of these targets is being investigated in clinical trials, insights into the molecular characteristics associated with dedifferentiation and progression from WDLPS to DDLPS highlighted additional genetic alterations including fusion transcripts generated by chromosomal rearrangements potentially providing new druggable targets (e.g. NTRK, MAP2K6). Recent years have witnessed the increasing use of patient-derived cell and tumor xenograft models which offer valuable tools to accelerate drug repurposing and combination studies. Implementation of integrated "multi-omics" investigations applied to models recapitulating WD/DDLPS genetics, histologic differentiation and biology, will hopefully lead to a better understanding of molecular alterations driving liposarcomagenesis and DDLPS progression, as well as to the identification of new therapies tailored on tumor histology and molecular profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Pasquali
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Sarcoma Service, Department of Surgery, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lanzi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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