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Harbi E, Aschner M. Nuclear Medicine Imaging Techniques in Glioblastomas. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04233-6. [PMID: 39235579 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are the most common primary malignant grade 4 tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). The treatment and management of such tumors requires a multidisciplinary approach and nuclear medicine techniques play an important role in this process. Glioblastoma, which recurs despite current treatments and becomes resistant to treatments, is among the tumors with the lowest survival rate, with a survival rate of approximately 8 months. Currently, the standard treatment of glioblastoma is adjuvant chemoradiotherapy after surgical resection. There have been many recent advances in the field of Nuclear Medicine in glioblastoma. PET scans are critical in determining tumor localization, pre-surgical planning, evaluation of post-treatment response and detection of recurrence. Advances in the treatment of glioblastoma and a better understanding of the biological characteristics of the disease have contributed to the development of nuclear medicine techniques. This review, in addition to other studies, is intended as a general imaging summary guide and includes some new expressions discovered in glioblastoma. This review discusses recent advances in nuclear medicine in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emirhan Harbi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Gold L, Barci E, Brendel M, Orth M, Cheng J, Kirchleitner SV, Bartos LM, Pötter D, Kirchner MA, Unterrainer LM, Kaiser L, Ziegler S, Weidner L, Riemenschneider MJ, Unterrainer M, Belka C, Tonn JC, Bartenstein P, Niyazi M, von Baumgarten L, Kälin RE, Glass R, Lauber K, Albert NL, Holzgreve A. The Traumatic Inoculation Process Affects TSPO Radioligand Uptake in Experimental Orthotopic Glioblastoma. Biomedicines 2024; 12:188. [PMID: 38255293 PMCID: PMC10813339 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The translocator protein (TSPO) has been proven to have great potential as a target for the positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of glioblastoma. However, there is an ongoing debate about the potential various sources of the TSPO PET signal. This work investigates the impact of the inoculation-driven immune response on the PET signal in experimental orthotopic glioblastoma. METHODS Serial [18F]GE-180 and O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]FET) PET scans were performed at day 7/8 and day 14/15 after the inoculation of GL261 mouse glioblastoma cells (n = 24) or saline (sham, n = 6) into the right striatum of immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. An additional n = 25 sham mice underwent [18F]GE-180 PET and/or autoradiography (ARG) at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 50 and 90 in order to monitor potential reactive processes that were solely related to the inoculation procedure. In vivo imaging results were directly compared to tissue-based analyses including ARG and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found that the inoculation process represents an immunogenic event, which significantly contributes to TSPO radioligand uptake. [18F]GE-180 uptake in GL261-bearing mice surpassed [18F]FET uptake both in the extent and the intensity, e.g., mean target-to-background ratio (TBRmean) in PET at day 7/8: 1.22 for [18F]GE-180 vs. 1.04 for [18F]FET, p < 0.001. Sham mice showed increased [18F]GE-180 uptake at the inoculation channel, which, however, continuously decreased over time (e.g., TBRmean in PET: 1.20 at day 7 vs. 1.09 at day 35, p = 0.04). At the inoculation channel, the percentage of TSPO/IBA1 co-staining decreased, whereas TSPO/GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) co-staining increased over time (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We identify the inoculation-driven immune response to be a relevant contributor to the PET signal and add a new aspect to consider for planning PET imaging studies in orthotopic glioblastoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gold
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
| | - Enio Barci
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Orth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jiying Cheng
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina V. Kirchleitner
- Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura M. Bartos
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
| | - Dennis Pötter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
| | - Maximilian A. Kirchner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
| | - Lena M. Unterrainer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
| | - Lena Kaiser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
| | - Sibylle Ziegler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
| | - Lorraine Weidner
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Unterrainer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
- DIE RADIOLOGIE, 80331 Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Joerg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Niyazi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Louisa von Baumgarten
- Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland E. Kälin
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Glass
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie L. Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Adrien Holzgreve
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (L.G.)
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Uzuegbunam BC, Rummel C, Librizzi D, Culmsee C, Hooshyar Yousefi B. Radiotracers for Imaging of Inflammatory Biomarkers TSPO and COX-2 in the Brain and in the Periphery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17419. [PMID: 38139248 PMCID: PMC10743508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation involves the activation of innate immune cells and is believed to play an important role in the development and progression of both infectious and non-infectious diseases such as neurodegeneration, autoimmune diseases, pulmonary and cancer. Inflammation in the brain is marked by the upregulation of translocator protein (TSPO) in microglia. High TSPO levels are also found, for example, in macrophages in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and in malignant tumor cells compared to their relatively low physiological expression. The same applies for cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2), which is constitutively expressed in the kidney, brain, thymus and gastrointestinal tract, but induced in microglia, macrophages and synoviocytes during inflammation. This puts TSPO and COX-2 in the spotlight as important targets for the diagnosis of inflammation. Imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography and single-photon emission tomography, can be used to localize inflammatory processes and to track their progression over time. They could also enable the monitoring of the efficacy of therapy and predict its outcome. This review focuses on the current development of PET and SPECT tracers, not only for the detection of neuroinflammation, but also for emerging diagnostic measures in infectious and other non-infectious diseases such as rheumatic arthritis, cancer, cardiac inflammation and in lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Gießen, Germany;
- Center for Mind Brain and Behavior, Universities Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Damiano Librizzi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Center for Mind Brain and Behavior, Universities Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Weidner L, Lorenz J, Quach S, Braun FK, Rothhammer-Hampl T, Ammer LM, Vollmann-Zwerenz A, Bartos LM, Dekorsy FJ, Holzgreve A, Kirchleitner SV, Thon N, Greve T, Ruf V, Herms J, Bader S, Milenkovic VM, von Baumgarten L, Menevse AN, Hussein A, Sax J, Wetzel CH, Rupprecht R, Proescholdt M, Schmidt NO, Beckhove P, Hau P, Tonn JC, Bartenstein P, Brendel M, Albert NL, Riemenschneider MJ. Translocator protein (18kDA) (TSPO) marks mesenchymal glioblastoma cell populations characterized by elevated numbers of tumor-associated macrophages. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:147. [PMID: 37697350 PMCID: PMC10496331 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
TSPO is a promising novel tracer target for positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging of brain tumors. However, due to the heterogeneity of cell populations that contribute to the TSPO-PET signal, imaging interpretation may be challenging. We therefore evaluated TSPO enrichment/expression in connection with its underlying histopathological and molecular features in gliomas. We analyzed TSPO expression and its regulatory mechanisms in large in silico datasets and by performing direct bisulfite sequencing of the TSPO promotor. In glioblastoma tissue samples of our TSPO-PET imaging study cohort, we dissected the association of TSPO tracer enrichment and protein labeling with the expression of cell lineage markers by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence multiplex stains. Furthermore, we identified relevant TSPO-associated signaling pathways by RNA sequencing.We found that TSPO expression is associated with prognostically unfavorable glioma phenotypes and that TSPO promotor hypermethylation is linked to IDH mutation. Careful histological analysis revealed that TSPO immunohistochemistry correlates with the TSPO-PET signal and that TSPO is expressed by diverse cell populations. While tumor core areas are the major contributor to the overall TSPO signal, TSPO signals in the tumor rim are mainly driven by CD68-positive microglia/macrophages. Molecularly, high TSPO expression marks prognostically unfavorable glioblastoma cell subpopulations characterized by an enrichment of mesenchymal gene sets and higher amounts of tumor-associated macrophages.In conclusion, our study improves the understanding of TSPO as an imaging marker in gliomas by unveiling IDH-dependent differences in TSPO expression/regulation, regional heterogeneity of the TSPO PET signal and functional implications of TSPO in terms of tumor immune cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Weidner
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Lorenz
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Wilhelm Sander Neuro-Oncology Unit, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Quach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank K Braun
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Rothhammer-Hampl
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Wilhelm Sander Neuro-Oncology Unit, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura-Marie Ammer
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Laura M Bartos
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska J Dekorsy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrien Holzgreve
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Thon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Greve
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bader
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir M Milenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Louisa von Baumgarten
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ayse N Menevse
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Abir Hussein
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julian Sax
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian H Wetzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Proescholdt
- Wilhelm Sander Neuro-Oncology Unit, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nils O Schmidt
- Wilhelm Sander Neuro-Oncology Unit, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hau
- Wilhelm Sander Neuro-Oncology Unit, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joerg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus J Riemenschneider
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
- Wilhelm Sander Neuro-Oncology Unit, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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Bartos LM, Kirchleitner SV, Blobner J, Wind K, Kunze LH, Holzgreve A, Gold L, Zatcepin A, Kolabas ZI, Ulukaya S, Weidner L, Quach S, Messerer D, Bartenstein P, Tonn JC, Riemenschneider MJ, Ziegler S, von Baumgarten L, Albert NL, Brendel M. 18 kDa translocator protein positron emission tomography facilitates early and robust tumor detection in the immunocompetent SB28 glioblastoma mouse model. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:992993. [PMID: 36325388 PMCID: PMC9621314 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.992993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) receives growing interest as a biomarker in glioblastoma. Mouse models can serve as an important tool for the investigation of biomarkers in glioblastoma, but several glioblastoma models indicated only low TSPO-PET signals in contrast to high TSPO-PET signals of human glioblastoma. Thus, we aimed to investigate TSPO-PET imaging in the syngeneic immunocompetent SB28 mouse model, which is thought to closely represent the tumor microenvironment (TME) of human glioblastoma. Methods Dynamic TSPO-PET/CT imaging was performed for 60 min after injection of 13.6 ± 4.2 MBq [18F]GE-180. Contrast enhanced CT (ceCT) was acquired prior to PET and served for assessment of tumor volumes and attenuation correction. SB28 and sham mice were imaged at an early (week-1; n = 6 SB28, n = 6 sham) and a late time-point (week-3; n = 8 SB28, n = 9 sham) after inoculation. Standard of truth ex vivo tumor volumes were obtained for SB28 mice at the late time-point. Tracer kinetics were analyzed for the lesion site and the carotid arteries to establish an image derived input function (IDIF). TSPO-PET and ceCT lesion volumes were compared with ex vivo volumes by calculation of root-mean-square-errors (RMSE). Volumes of distribution (VTmax/mean) in the lesion were calculated using carotid IDIF and standardized uptake values (SUVmax/mean) were obtained for a 40-60 min time frame. Results Higher uptake rate constants (K1) were observed for week-1 SB28 tumor lesions when compared to week-3 SB28 tumor lesions. Highest agreement between TSPO-PET lesion volumes and ex vivo tumor volumes was achieved with a 50% maximum threshold (RMSE-VT: 39.7%; RMSE-SUV: 34.4%), similar to the agreement of ceCT tumor volumes (RMSE: 30.1%). Lesions of SB28 mice had higher PET signal when compared to sham mice at week-1 (VTmax 6.6 ± 2.9 vs. 3.9 ± 0.8, p = 0.035; SUVmax 2.3 ± 0.5 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1, p < 0.001) and PET signals remained at a similar level at week-3 (VTmax 5.0 ± 1.6 vs. 2.7 ± 0.8, p = 0.029; SUVmax 1.9 ± 0.5 vs. 1.2 ± 0.2, p = 0.0012). VTmax correlated with SUVmax (R 2 = 0.532, p < 0.001). Conclusion TSPO-PET imaging of immunocompetent SB28 mice facilitates early detection of tumor signals over sham lesions. SB28 tumors mirror high TSPO-PET signals of human glioblastoma and could serve as a valuable translational model to study TSPO as an imaging biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Bartos
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jens Blobner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Wind
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lea H. Kunze
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrien Holzgreve
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Gold
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Artem Zatcepin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeynep Ilgin Kolabas
- Helmholtz Center, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig- Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
| | - Selin Ulukaya
- Helmholtz Center, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Master of Science Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany
| | - Lorraine Weidner
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Quach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Denise Messerer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- SyNergy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sibylle Ziegler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Louisa von Baumgarten
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie L. Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- SyNergy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZNE – German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
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Barca C, Foray C, Zinnhardt B, Winkeler A, Herrlinger U, Grauer OM, Jacobs AH. In Vivo Quantitative Imaging of Glioma Heterogeneity Employing Positron Emission Tomography. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133139. [PMID: 35804911 PMCID: PMC9264799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor, highly aggressive by being proliferative, neovascularized and invasive, heavily infiltrated by immunosuppressive glioma-associated myeloid cells (GAMs), including glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMM) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Quantifying GAMs by molecular imaging could support patient selection for GAMs-targeting immunotherapy, drug target engagement and further assessment of clinical response. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and amino acid positron emission tomography (PET) are clinically established imaging methods informing on tumor size, localization and secondary phenomena but remain quite limited in defining tumor heterogeneity, a key feature of glioma resistance mechanisms. The combination of different imaging modalities improved the in vivo characterization of the tumor mass by defining functionally distinct tissues probably linked to tumor regression, progression and infiltration. In-depth image validation on tracer specificity, biological function and quantification is critical for clinical decision making. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the relevant experimental and clinical data concerning the spatiotemporal relationship between tumor cells and GAMs using PET imaging, with a special interest in the combination of amino acid and translocator protein (TSPO) PET imaging to define heterogeneity and as therapy readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Barca
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (C.F.); (B.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (A.H.J.)
| | - Claudia Foray
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (C.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bastian Zinnhardt
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (C.F.); (B.Z.)
- Biomarkers & Translational Technologies (BTT), Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Winkeler
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, F-91401 Orsay, France;
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Division of Clinical Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany;
- Centre of Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver M. Grauer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Andreas H. Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (C.F.); (B.Z.)
- Centre of Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics with Neurology, Johanniter Hospital, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (A.H.J.)
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Chen H, Jiang Z, Cheng X, Zheng W, Sun Y, Yu Z, Yang T, Zhang L, Yan J, Liu Y, Ji X, Wu Z. [ 18F]BIBD-239: 18F-Labeled ER176, a Positron Emission Tomography Tracer Specific for the Translocator Protein. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2351-2366. [PMID: 35671264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
[11C]ER176 has adequate sensitivity to image the human brain translocator protein (TSPO) in all three genotypes by positron emission tomography (PET). However, its clinical application is limited by the short half-life of 11C (20.38 min). To overcome the deficiency of [11C]ER176 and keep the pharmacophore features of ER176 to the maximum extent, we designed four fluorine-labeled ER176 derivatives using the deuterium method. In vitro competition binding confirmed that the designed compounds had high affinity for TSPO. Biodistribution experiments showed that tissues with high expression of TSPO had high uptake of these compounds, as well as that the compound showed high brain penetration and mild defluorination in vivo. Therefore, [18F]BIBD-239 with simple synthesis conditions was selected for further biological evaluation. Theoretical simulations showed that BIBD-239 and ER176 have similar binding modes and sites to Ala147-TSPO and Thr147-TSPO, which indicated that the tracers may have consistent sensitivity to the three affinity genotypes. In vitro autoradiography and in vivo PET studies of the ischemic rat brain showed dramatically higher uptake of [18F]BIBD-239 on the lesion site compared to the contralateral side with good brain kinetics. Additionally, [18F]BIBD-239 provided clear tumor PET images in a GL261 glioma model. Importantly, PET imaging and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) results showed that in vivo defluorination and other metabolites of [18F]BIBD-239 did not interfere with brain imaging. Conclusively, [18F]BIBD-239, similar to ER176 with low polymorphism sensitivity, has simple labeling conditions, high labeling yield, high affinity, and high specificity for TSPO, and it is planned for further evaluation in higher species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Chen
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zeng Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuebo Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuli Sun
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ziyue Yu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tingyu Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zehui Wu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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