1
|
Berlanga-Acosta J, Cibrian D, Valiente-Mustelier J, Suárez-Alba J, García-Ojalvo A, Falcón-Cama V, Jiang B, Wang L, Guillén-Nieto G. Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) prevents doxorubicin-induced myocardial and extra-myocardial damages by activating prosurvival mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1402138. [PMID: 38873418 PMCID: PMC11169835 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1402138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a fatal myocardial condition with ventricular structural changes and functional deficits, leading to systolic dysfunction and heart failure (HF). DCM is a frequent complication in oncologic patients receiving Doxorubicin (Dox). Dox is a highly cardiotoxic drug, whereas its damaging spectrum affects most of the organs by multiple pathogenic cascades. Experimentally reproduced DCM/HF through Dox administrations has shed light on the pathogenic drivers of cardiotoxicity. Growth hormone (GH) releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) is a GH secretagogue with expanding and promising cardioprotective pharmacological properties. Here we examined whether GHRP-6 administration concomitant to Dox prevented the onset of DCM/HF and multiple organs damages in otherwise healthy rats. Methods: Myocardial changes were sequentially evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography. Autopsy was conducted at the end of the administration period when ventricular dilation was established. Semiquantitative histopathologic study included heart and other internal organs samples. Myocardial tissue fragments were also addressed for electron microscopy study, and characterization of the transcriptional expression ratio between Bcl-2 and Bax. Serum samples were destined for REDOX system balance assessment. Results and discussion: GHRP-6 administration in parallel to Dox prevented myocardial fibers consumption and ventricular dilation, accounting for an effective preservation of the LV systolic function. GHRP-6 also attenuated extracardiac toxicity preserving epithelial organs integrity, inhibiting interstitial fibrosis, and ultimately reducing morbidity and mortality. Mechanistically, GHRP-6 proved to sustain cellular antioxidant defense, upregulate prosurvival gene Bcl-2, and preserve cardiomyocyte mitochondrial integrity. These evidences contribute to pave potential avenues for the clinical use of GHRP-6 in Dox-treated subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danay Cibrian
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Cuba
| | | | | | | | | | - Baohong Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gauvin J, Huynh DN, Dubuc I, Lê C, Tugores R, Flamand N, Flamand L, Lubell WD, Ong H, Marleau S. Pharmacological targeting of the hyper-inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice using a cluster of differentiation 36 receptor modulator. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1303342. [PMID: 38384295 PMCID: PMC10879382 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1303342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The scientific and medical community faced an unprecedented global health hazard that led to nearly 7 million deaths attributable to the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In spite of the development of efficient vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, many people remain at risk of developing severe symptoms as the virus continues to spread without beneficial patient therapy. The hyper-inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome remains an unmet medical need for improving patient care. The viral infection stimulates alveolar macrophages to adopt an inflammatory phenotype regulated, at least in part, by the cluster of differentiation 36 receptor (CD36) to produce unrestrained inflammatory cytokine secretions. We suggest herein that the modulation of the macrophage response using the synthetic CD36 ligand hexarelin offers potential as therapy for halting respiratory failure in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Gauvin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David N. Huynh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Dubuc
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and and Immunology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Lê
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rafaela Tugores
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Flamand
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and and Immunology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Huy Ong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Marleau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
El Khabchi M, Mcharfi M, Benzakour M, Fitri A, Benjelloun AT, Song JW, Lee KB, Lee HJ. Computational Investigation of Conformational Properties of Short Azapeptides: Insights from DFT Study and NBO Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:5454. [PMID: 37513326 PMCID: PMC10386235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Azapeptides have gained much attention due to their ability to enhance the stability and bioavailability of peptide drugs. Their structural preferences, essential to understanding their function and potential application in the peptide drug design, remain largely unknown. In this work, we systematically investigated the conformational preferences of three azaamino acid residues in tripeptide models, Ac-azaXaa-Pro-NHMe [Xaa = Asn (4), Asp (5), Ala (6)], using the popular DFT functionals, B3LYP and B3LYP-D3. A solvation model density (SMD) was used to mimic the solvation effect on the conformational behaviors of azapeptides in water. During the calculation, we considered the impact of the amide bond in the azapeptide models on the conformational preferences of models 4-6. We analyzed the effect of the HB between the side-chain main chain and main-chain main-chain on the conformational behaviors of azapeptides 4-6. We found that the predicted lowest energy conformation for the three models differs depending on the calculation methods. In the gas phase, B3LYP functional indicates that the conformers tttANP-1 and tttADP-1 of azapeptides 4 and 5 correspond to the type I of β-turn, the lowest energy conformation with all-trans amide bonds. Considering the dispersion correction, B3LYP-D3 functional predicts the conformers tctANP-2 and tctADP-3 of azapeptide 4 and 5, which contain the cis amide bond preceding the Pro residue, as the lowest energy conformation in the gas phase. The results imply that azaAsx and Pro residues may involve cis-trans isomerization in the gas phase. In water, the predicted lowest energy conformer of azapeptides 4 and 5 differs from the gas phase results and depends on the calculational method. For azapeptide 6, regardless of calculation methods and phases, tttAAP-1 (β-I turn) is predicted as the lowest energy conformer. The results imply that the effect of the side chain that can form HBs on the conformational preferences of azapeptides 4 and 5 may not be negligible. We compared the theoretical results of azaXaa-Pro models with those of Pro-azaXaa models, showing that incorporating azaamino acid residue in peptides at different positions can significantly impact the folding patterns and stability of azapeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mouna El Khabchi
- LIMAS, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Mcharfi
- LIMAS, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Benzakour
- LIMAS, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Asmae Fitri
- LIMAS, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Adil Touimi Benjelloun
- LIMAS, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Jong-Won Song
- Department of Chemistry Education, Daegu University, Daegudae-ro 201, Gyeongsan-si 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Bong Lee
- Climate and Environmental Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Lee
- Department of Natural Sciences, Southwest Tennessee Community College, Memphis, TN 38134, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gauvin J, Frégeau G, Elimam H, Ménard L, Huynh D, Lê C, Ahsanullah A, Lubell WD, Ong H, Marleau S. A cyclic azapeptide ligand of the scavenger receptor CD36/SR-B2 reduces the atherosclerotic lesion progression and enhances plaque stability in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1204905. [PMID: 37332345 PMCID: PMC10270736 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1204905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial walls that develops at predisposed sites. As a major risk factor for adverse cardiovascular pathology, atherosclerosis can progress to myocardial infarction and stroke, due to the rupture of unstable atherosclerotic lesions. Macrophage uptake of modified lipoproteins and metabolic dysfunction contributes significantly to the initiation and development of atherosclerotic lesions. The cluster of differentiation 36 receptor [CD36 (SR-B2)] plays a key role in atherosclerotic lesion progression and acts as an efferocytic molecule in the resolution of advanced plaque. In previous studies, linear azapeptide CD36 ligands were shown to exhibit anti-atherosclerotic properties. In the present study, a novel potent and selective macrocyclic azapeptide CD36 ligand, MPE-298, has proven effective in protecting against atherosclerosis progression. Features of greater plaque stability were observed after 8 weeks of daily injections with the cyclic azapeptide in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Gauvin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Hanan Elimam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Kantara Branch, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Liliane Ménard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Huynh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Lê
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ahsanullah Ahsanullah
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - William D. Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Huy Ong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Marleau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Le Du E, Borrel J, Waser J. Copper-Catalyzed Alkynylation of Hydrazides: An Easy Access to Functionalized Azadipeptides. Org Lett 2022; 24:6614-6618. [PMID: 36066898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a copper-catalyzed alkynylation of azadipeptides using ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents. Nonsymmetrical ynehydrazides could be obtained in 25-97% yield using azaglycine derivatives as nucleophiles. The transformation is compatible with most functional groups naturally occurring on amino acid side chains and allows the transfer of silyl-, alkyl-, and aryl-substituted alkynes. The obtained α-alkynyl azaglycine products could be further functionalized by nucleophilic attack or cycloaddition on the triple bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliott Le Du
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Borrel
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Azapeptides undergo on-resin, late-stage N-alkylations to install side chains with high chemoselectivity for the hydrazide nitrogen atoms. The major product is the N1-alkylated "azapeptoid", with only small amounts (<10%) of alkylation occurring at the other aza-amino acid nitrogen (N2). Dialkylations are also possible and afford highly functionalized, disubstituted azapeptides with side chains installed on both aza-amino acid nitrogen atoms. The site-selectivity was determined using Edman degradation, MS/MS sequencing, and comparative LCMS and NMR analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell O Bowles
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Caroline Proulx
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lubell WD, Hamdane Y, Poupart J. N-Amino-imidazol-2-one (Nai) Residues as Tools for Peptide Mimicry: Synthesis, Conformational Analysis and Biomedical Applications. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
N-Amino-imidazol-2-one (Nai) residues are tools for studying peptide-backbone and side-chain conformation and function. Recent methods for substituted Nai residue synthesis, conformational analysis by X-ray crystallography and computation, and biomedical applications are reviewed, demonstrating the utility of this constrained residue to favor biologically active turn conformers with defined χ-dihedral angle orientations.1 Introduction2 Synthetic Methods3 Conformational Analysis4 Biomedical Applications5 Conclusions
Collapse
|
8
|
Ohm RG, Mulumba M, Chingle RM, Ahsanullah, Zhang J, Chemtob S, Ong H, Lubell WD. Diversity-Oriented A 3-Macrocyclization for Studying Influences of Ring-Size and Shape of Cyclic Peptides: CD36 Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9365-9380. [PMID: 34161728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptide diversity has been broadened by elaborating the A3-macrocyclization to include various di-amino carboxylate components with different Nε-amine substituents. Triple-bond reduction provided new cyclic peptide macrocycles with Z-olefin and completely saturated structures. Moreover, cyclic azasulfurylpeptides were prepared by exchanging the propargylglycine (Pra) component for an amino sulfamide surrogate. Examination of such diversity-oriented methods on potent cyclic azapeptide modulators of the cluster of differentiation 36 receptor (CD36) identified the importance of the triple bond as well as the Nε-allyl lysine and azaPra residues for high CD36 binding affinity. Cyclic azapeptides which engaged CD36 effectively reduced pro-inflammatory nitric oxide and downstream cytokine and chemokine production in macrophages stimulated with a Toll-like receptor-2 agonist. Studying the triple bond and amine components in the multiple-component A3-macrocyclization has given a diverse array of macrocycles and pertinent information to guide the development of ideal CD36 modulators with biomedical potential for curbing macrophage-driven inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild G Ohm
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mukandila Mulumba
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ramesh M Chingle
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ahsanullah
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Huy Ong
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hamdane Y, Chauhan PS, Vutla S, Mulumba M, Ong H, Lubell WD. 5-Substituted N-Aminoimidazolone Peptide Mimic Synthesis by Organocatalyzed Reactions of Azopeptides and Use in the Analysis of Biologically Active Backbone and Side-Chain Topology. Org Lett 2021; 23:3491-3495. [PMID: 33886343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen N-aminoimidazolone (Nai) dipeptides having a variety of 5-position side-chain groups were synthesized by regioselective proline-catalyzed reactions of azopeptide and aldehyde components followed by acid-mediated dehydration of an aza-aspartate semialdehyde intermediate. The introduction of 5-aryl-Nai dipeptides into cluster of differentiation 36 receptor (CD36) peptide ligands has provided insight into the conformation responsible for binding affinity and anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
|
10
|
The CD36 Ligand-Promoted Autophagy Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6691402. [PMID: 33854697 PMCID: PMC8019622 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6691402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs many functions that maintain photoreceptor health. Oxidative damage to the RPE is a critical component in the pathogenesis of eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Ligands of the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) have previously preserved photoreceptor integrity in mouse models of AMD. The cytoprotective effect of the CD36 ligand MPE-001 on RPE cells has now been elucidated employing a model of oxidative stress. Sodium iodate (NaIO3) induced formation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in human RPE cells, which were decreased by MPE-001 without affecting antioxidant enzyme transcription. Immunoblotting and immunostaining assays showed a restorative effect of MPE-001 on the autophagic flux disrupted by NaIO3, which was associated with an increase in syntaxin 17-positive mature autophagosomes. The cytoprotective effect of MPE-001 was completely abolished by the autophagy inhibitors wortmannin and bafilomycin A1. In conclusion, we report for the first time an autophagy-dependent protection of RPE cells from oxidative stress by a CD36 ligand.
Collapse
|
11
|
Dai C, Wang F, Zhang D, Xu L, Xia X, Zhang J. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-Aminoimidazolidin-2-one-Containing Angiotensin-(1-7) Peptidomimetics. Org Lett 2020; 22:8475-8479. [PMID: 33104369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-Aminoimidazolidin-2-one (Aid)-containing peptides with a constrained backbone present a novel class of peptidomimetics for drug discovery. The introduction of Aid residues into peptide sequences has been achieved by intramolecular Mitsunobu cyclization of a serine side chain onto the α-NH of an aza-glycine residue. The effectiveness of this new strategy was demonstrated by synthesizing six Aid-containing analogues of angiotensin-(1-7) on solid support. The Aid analogues of angiotensin-(1-7) exhibited increased peptidase stability against human ACE and DPP3 and improved anti-inflammation and antiproliferation activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Dai
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|