1
|
Shi Y, Chen Z, Huang L, Gong Y, Shi L. A network pharmacology approach to reveal the key ingredients in Scrophulariae Radix (SR) and their effects against Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24785. [PMID: 38322920 PMCID: PMC10844110 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Scrophulariae Radix (SR) is a commonly used medicinal plant. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease for which there is no effective treatment. This study aims to initially clarify the potential mechanism of SR in the treatment of AD based on network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. Methods The principal components and corresponding protein targets of SR were conducted by HPLC analysis and searched on TCMSP. AD targets were searched on DrugBank, Chemogenomics, TTD, OMIM and GeneCards databases. The compound-target network was constructed by Cytoscape3.8.2. The intersection of compound target and disease target was obtained and the coincidence target was imported into STRING database to construct a PPI network. We further performed GO and KEGG enrichment analysis on the targets. Meanwhile, molecular docking study and cell experiments were approved for the core target and the active compound. Results Through multidatabase retrieval and integration, it was found that 17 components of SR could exert anti-AD effects against 40 targets. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that Alzheimer's disease (hsa05010) was one of the most significant AD enrichment signalling pathways. Combined with the gene expression profile information in the AlzData database, 15 targets were found to be associated with tau or beta-amyloid protein (Aβ). GO analysis indicated that the primary molecular functions of SR in the treatment of AD were neurotransmitter receptor activity (GO:0007268), postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity (GO:0070997), and acetylcholine receptor activity (GO:0050435). Moreover, we explored the anti-AD effects of SR extract and ursolic acid (UA) using SH-SY5Y cells. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 20 μM UA significantly reduced the oxidative damage to these neuronal cells. Conclusion This study reveals the active ingredients and potential molecular mechanism of SR in the treatment of AD, and provides a theoretical basis for further basic research and clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China
| | - Zhongqiang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China
| | - Lixia Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China
| | - Yeli Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China
| | - Lu Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song K, Tang R, Li A, Wan Z, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Lv D, Lu S, Tan Y, Yan S, Yan S, Zhang J, Fan B, Chan CK, Guo S. Particulate organic emissions from incense-burning smoke: Chemical compositions and emission characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165319. [PMID: 37414164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Incense burning is a common practice in Asian cultures, releasing hazardous particulate organics. Inhaling incense smoke can result in adverse health effects, yet the molecular compositions of incense-burning organics have not been well investigated due to the lack of measurement of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs). To elucidate the detailed emission profile of incense-burning particles, we conducted a non-target measurement of organics emitted from incense combustion. Quartz filters were utilized to trap particles, and organics were analyzed by a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC × GC-MS) coupled with a thermal desorption system (TDS). To deal with the complex data obtained by GC × GC-MS, homologs are identified mainly by the combination of selected ion chromatograms (SICs) and retention indexes. SICs of 58, 60, 74, 91, and 97 were utilized to identify 2-ketones, acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid phenylmethyl esters, and alcohols, respectively. Phenolic compounds contribute the most to emission factors (EFs) among all chemical classes, taking up 24.5 % ± 6.5 % of the total EF (96.1 ± 43.1 μg g-1). These compounds are largely derived from the thermal degradation of lignin. Biomarkers like sugars (mainly levoglucosan), hopanes, and sterols are extensively detected in incense combustion fumes. Incense materials play a more important role in shaping emission profiles than incense forms. Our study provides a detailed emission profile of particulate organics emitted from incense burning across the full-volatility range, which can be used in the health risk assessments. The data processing procedure in this work could also benefit those with less experience in non-target analysis, especially GC × GC-MS data processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Rongzhi Tang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institue, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Ang Li
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zichao Wan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Yuanzheng Gong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daqi Lv
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sihua Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Shuyuan Yan
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shichao Yan
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | | | - Baoming Fan
- TECHSHIP (Beijing) Technology Co., LTD, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institue, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China; Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park JS, Rehman IU, Choe K, Ahmad R, Lee HJ, Kim MO. A Triterpenoid Lupeol as an Antioxidant and Anti-Neuroinflammatory Agent: Impacts on Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:3059. [PMID: 37447385 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease illustrated by neuronal dysfunctions, leading to memory weaknesses and personality changes mostly in the aged population worldwide. The exact cause of AD is unclear, but numerous studies have addressed the involvement of oxidative stress (OS), induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), to be one of the leading causes in developing AD. OS dysregulates the cellular homeostasis, causing abnormal protein and lipid metabolism. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in modulating the antioxidant system and decreases the neuronal ROS level, thus playing an important therapeutic role in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in AD. Hence, medicinal herbs and their extracts have received global attention as a commercial source of antioxidants Lupeol. Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and has many biological functions. It is available in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. It has shown effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and higher blood-brain barrier permeability. Also, the binding and inhibitory potentials of Lupeol have been investigated and proved to be effective against certain receptor proteins and enzymes in AD studies by computational molecular docking approaches. Therefore, AD-related research has gained interest in investigating the therapeutic effects of Lupeol. However, despite its beneficial effects in AD, there is still a lack of research in Lupeol. Hence, we compiled in this analysis all preclinical research that looked at Lupeol as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sung Park
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Inayat Ur Rehman
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyonghwan Choe
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Riaz Ahmad
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Lee
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Alz-Dementia Korea Co., Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang X, Lee W, Bian JS. Recent Advances in the Study of Na +/K +-ATPase in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244075. [PMID: 36552839 PMCID: PMC9777075 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), a large transmembrane protein, is expressed in the plasma membrane of most eukaryotic cells. It maintains resting membrane potential, cell volume and secondary transcellular transport of other ions and neurotransmitters. NKA consumes about half of the ATP molecules in the brain, which makes NKA highly sensitive to energy deficiency. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are a group of diseases characterized by chronic, progressive and irreversible neuronal loss in specific brain areas. The pathogenesis of NDDs is sophisticated, involving protein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The protective effect of NKA against NDDs has been emerging gradually in the past few decades. Hence, understanding the role of NKA in NDDs is critical for elucidating the underlying pathophysiology of NDDs and identifying new therapeutic targets. The present review focuses on the recent progress involving different aspects of NKA in cellular homeostasis to present in-depth understanding of this unique protein. Moreover, the essential roles of NKA in NDDs are discussed to provide a platform and bright future for the improvement of clinical research in NDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weithye Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Attenuate Aβ 25-35-Induced Toxicity in PC12 Cells via Akt/CREB/BDNF Signaling Pathway. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1869-1881. [PMID: 36435923 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) protein is considered to be a major causative factor that is associated with the development of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been experimentally using for treatment of neurological disease due to their low toxicity, high bioavailability, and multiple bioactivities. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of biogenic SeNPs by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 against Aβ25-35-induced toxicity in PC12 cells and its association with oxidative stress and inflammation. The results showed that SeNPs had no cytotoxicity on PC12 cells. Moreover, SeNPs entered cells through cellular endocytosis, which effectively attenuated Aβ25-35-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. In addition, compared with Aβ25-35 model group, SeNP pretreatment significantly enhanced the antioxidant capacity, inhibited the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), effectively regulated the inflammatory response, decreased the activity of acetylcholinesterase, significantly reduced the expression level of caspase-1 and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and upregulated the expression level of p53. Furthermore, compared with Aβ25-35 model group, SeNPs effectively promoted the phosphorylation of Akt and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), and upregulated the expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, the Akt inhibitor (AKT inhibitor VIII, AKTi-1/2) could reverse the protective effects of SeNPs on PC12 cells. The Akt agonist (SC79) had a similar effect on PC12 cells as that of SeNPs. Overall, this study demonstrated that biogenic SeNPs can effectively alleviate the Aβ25-35-induced toxicity in PC12 cells via Akt/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
6
|
Neuroprotective Effects of Nicotinamide against MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Mice: Impact on Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, Nrf2/HO-1 and TLR4 Signaling Pathways. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112929. [PMID: 36428497 PMCID: PMC9687839 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM) is the amide form of niacin and an important precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which is needed for energy metabolism and cellular functions. Additionally, it has shown neuroprotective properties in several neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we sought to investigate the potential protective mechanisms of NAM in an intraperitoneal (i.p) 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse model (wild-type mice (C57BL/6N), eight weeks old, average body weight 25-30 g). The study had four groups (n = 10 per group): control, MPTP (30 mg/kg i.p. for 5 days), MPTP treated with NAM (500 mg/kg, i.p for 10 days) and control treated with NAM. Our study showed that MPTP increased the expression of α-synuclein 2.5-fold, decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) 0.5-fold and dopamine transporters (DAT) levels up to 0.5-fold in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and impaired motor function. However, NAM treatment significantly reversed these PD-like pathologies. Furthermore, NAM treatment reduced oxidative stress by increasing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) between 0.5- and 1.0-fold. Lastly, NAM treatment regulated neuroinflammation by reducing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB, tumor (p-NFκB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels by 0.5- to 2-fold in the PD mouse brain. Overall, these findings suggest that NAM exhibits neuroprotective properties and may be an effective therapeutic agent for PD.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mechanistic Insights into the Neuroprotective Potential of Sacred Ficus Trees. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224731. [PMID: 36432418 PMCID: PMC9695857 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ficus religiosa (Bo tree or sacred fig) and Ficus benghalensis (Indian banyan) are of immense spiritual and therapeutic importance. Various parts of these trees have been investigated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, dermoprotective, and nephroprotective properties. Previous reviews of Ficus mostly discussed traditional usages, photochemistry, and pharmacological activities, though comprehensive reviews of the neuroprotective potential of these Ficus species extracts and/or their important phytocompounds are lacking. The interesting phytocompounds from these trees include many bengalenosides, carotenoids, flavonoids (leucopelargonidin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, leucopelargonidin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, lupeol, cetyl behenate, and α-amyrin acetate), flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin), leucocyanidin, phytosterols (bergapten, bergaptol, lanosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), terpenes (α-thujene, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, limonene, β-ocimene, β-bourbonene, β-caryophyllene, α-trans-bergamotene, α-copaene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, alloaromadendrene, germacrene, γ-cadinene, and δ-cadinene), and diverse polyphenols (tannin, wax, saponin, leucoanthocyanin), contributing significantly to their pharmacological effects, ranging from antimicrobial action to neuroprotection. This review presents extensive mechanistic insights into the neuroprotective potential, especially important phytochemicals from F. religiosa and F. benghalensis. Owing to the complex pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), the currently existing drugs merely alleviate the symptoms. Hence, bioactive compounds with potent neuroprotective effects through a multitarget approach would be of great interest in developing pharmacophores for the treatment of NDDs.
Collapse
|
8
|
The Influence of Solvent and Extraction Time on Yield and Chemical Selectivity of Cuticular Waxes from Quercus suber Leaves. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticular lipid compounds, usually named cuticular waxes, present in the cuticular layering of Quercus suber adult leaves were extracted with solvents of different polarities (n-hexane, dichloromethane and acetone) and analysed by GC–MS. Q. suber leaves have a substantial cuticular wax layer (2.8% of leaf mass and 239 μg/cm2), composed predominantly by terpenes (43–63% of all compounds), followed by aliphatic long chain molecules, mainly fatty acids, and by smaller amounts of aliphatic alcohols and n-alkanes. The major identified compound was lupeol (1.2% of leaves in n-hexane extract). The recovery and composition of cuticular lipids depended on the solvent and extraction time. The non-polar or weak polar solvents n-hexane and dichloromethane extracted similar lipid yields (77% and 86% of the total extract, respectively) while acetone solubilised other cellular compounds, namely sugars, with the lipid compounds representing 43% of the total extract. For cuticular lipids extraction, solvents with a low polarity such as n-hexane are the more suitable with an adequate extraction duration, e.g., n-hexane with a minimum extraction of 3 h.
Collapse
|
9
|
Secondary Metabolites with Biomedical Applications from Plants of the Sarraceniaceae Family. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179877. [PMID: 36077275 PMCID: PMC9456395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants have fascinated researchers and hobbyists for centuries because of their mode of nutrition which is unlike that of other plants. They are able to produce bioactive compounds used to attract, capture and digest prey but also as a defense mechanism against microorganisms and free radicals. The main purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the secondary metabolites with significant biological activity found in the Sarraceniaceae family. The review also underlines the necessity of future studies for the biochemical characterization of the less investigated species. Darlingtonia, Heliamphora and Sarracenia plants are rich in compounds with potential pharmaceutical and medical uses. These belong to several classes such as flavonoids, with flavonol glycosides being the most abundant, monoterpenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, fatty acids, alkaloids and others. Some of them are well characterized in terms of chemical properties and biological activity and have widespread commercial applications. The review also discusses biological activity of whole extracts and commercially available products derived from Sarraceniaceae plants. In conclusion, this review underscores that Sarraceniaceae species contain numerous substances with the potential to advance health. Future perspectives should focus on the discovery of new molecules and increasing the production of known compounds using biotechnological methods.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lupeol Treatment Attenuates Activation of Glial Cells and Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Neuropathology in Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116086. [PMID: 35682768 PMCID: PMC9181489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) signifies a major cause of death and disability. TBI causes central nervous system (CNS) damage under a variety of mechanisms, including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Astrocytes and microglia, cells of the CNS, are considered the key players in initiating an inflammatory response after injury. Several evidence suggests that activation of astrocytes/microglia and ROS/LPO have the potential to cause more harmful effects in the pathological processes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have established that lupeol provides neuroprotection through modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in Aβ and LPS model and neurodegenerative disease. However, the effects of lupeol on apoptosis caused by inflammation and oxidative stress in TBI have not yet been investigated. Therefore, we explored the role of Lupeol on antiapoptosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative stress and its potential mechanism following TBI. In these experiments, adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, TBI, TBI+ Lupeol, and Sham group. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and ROS/LPO assays were performed to investigate the role of lupeol against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Lupeol treatment reversed TBI-induced behavioral and memory disturbances. Lupeol attenuated TBI-induced generation of reactive oxygen species/lipid per oxidation (ROS/LPO) and improved the antioxidant protein level, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the mouse brain. Similarly, our results indicated that lupeol treatment inhibited glial cell activation, p-NF-κB, and downstream signaling molecules, such as TNF-α, COX-2, and IL-1β, in the mouse cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, lupeol treatment also inhibited mitochondrial apoptotic signaling molecules, such as caspase-3, Bax, cytochrome-C, and reversed deregulated Bcl2 in TBI-treated mice. Overall, our study demonstrated that lupeol inhibits the activation of astrocytes/microglia and ROS/LPO that lead to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis followed by TBI.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sohag AAM, Hossain MT, Rahaman MA, Rahman P, Hasan MS, Das RC, Khan MK, Sikder MH, Alam M, Uddin MJ, Rahman MH, Tahjib-Ul-Arif M, Islam T, Moon IS, Hannan MA. Molecular pharmacology and therapeutic advances of the pentacyclic triterpene lupeol. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:154012. [PMID: 35286936 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant triterpenoids are major sources of nutraceuticals that provide many health benefits to humans. Lupeol is one of the pentacyclic dietary triterpenoids commonly found in many fruits and vegetables, which is highly investigated for its pharmacological effect and benefit to human health. PURPOSE This systematic review critically discussed the potential pharmacological benefits of lupeol and its derivatives as evidenced by various cellular and animal model studies. To gain insight into the pharmacological effects of lupeol, the network pharmacological approach is applied. Pharmacokinetics and recent developments in nanotechnology-based approaches to targeted delivery of lupeol along with its safety use are also discussed. METHODS This study is dependent on the systematic and non-exhaustive literature survey for related research articles, papers, and books on the chemistry, pharmacological benefits, pharmacokinetics, and safety of lupeol published between 2011 and 2021. For online materials, the popular academic search engines viz. Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, ResearchGate, Springer, as well as official websites were explored with selected keywords. RESULTS Lupeol has shown promising benefits in the management of cancer and many other human diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, kidney and liver problems, skin diseases, and neurological disorders. The pharmacological effects of lupeol primarily rely on its capacity to revitalize the cellular antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Network pharmacological approach revealed some prospective molecular targets and pathways and presented some significant information that could help explain the pharmacological effects of lupeol and its derivatives. Despite significant progress in molecular pharmacology, the clinical application of lupeol is limited due to poor bioavailability and insufficient knowledge on its mode of action. Structural modification and nanotechnology-guided targeted delivery of lupeol improve the bioavailability and bioactivity of lupeol. CONCLUSION The pentacyclic triterpene lupeol possesses numerous human health-benefiting properties. This review updates current knowledge and critically discusses the pharmacological effects and potential applications of lupeol and its derivatives in human health and diseases. Future studies are needed to evaluate the efficacies of lupeol and its derivatives in the management and pathobiology of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tahmeed Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Arifur Rahaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Papia Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rakhal Chandra Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kibria Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan Sikder
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 780-714, Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Md Hasanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tahjib-Ul-Arif
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
| | - Md Abdul Hannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
![]()
The triterpenoid
natural products have played an important role
in understanding mechanistic models of human diseases. These natural
products are diverse, but many have been characterized as reactive
oxygen species (ROS) modulators. ROS can regulate cell survival and
function, which ultimately affects biological processes leading to
disease. The triterpenoids offer an untapped source of creativity
to generate tool compounds with high selectivity to regulate ROS.
This brief Review highlights the diverse complexity by which these
secondary metabolites induce many cell death modalities (apoptosis,
autophagy, ferroptosis, etc.) that can affect various complex cell
signaling pathways through ROS and ultimately lead to evading or accelerating
cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Lousiana State University, 133 Chopping Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Lucinda Boyd
- Department of Chemistry, Lousiana State University, 133 Chopping Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Fatima Rivas
- Department of Chemistry, Lousiana State University, 133 Chopping Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Milan A, Mioc A, Prodea A, Mioc M, Buzatu R, Ghiulai R, Racoviceanu R, Caruntu F, Şoica C. The Optimized Delivery of Triterpenes by Liposomal Nanoformulations: Overcoming the Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031140. [PMID: 35163063 PMCID: PMC8835305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a sustained increase in the research development of modern-day chemo-therapeutics, especially for those used for high mortality rate pathologies. However, the therapeutic landscape is continuously changing as a result of the currently existing toxic side effects induced by a substantial range of drug classes. One growing research direction driven to mitigate such inconveniences has converged towards the study of natural molecules for their promising therapeutic potential. Triterpenes are one such class of compounds, intensively investigated for their therapeutic versatility. Although the pharmacological effects reported for several representatives of this class has come as a well-deserved encouragement, the pharmacokinetic profile of these molecules has turned out to be an unwelcomed disappointment. Nevertheless, the light at the end of the tunnel arrived with the development of nanotechnology, more specifically, the use of liposomes as drug delivery systems. Liposomes are easily synthesizable phospholipid-based vesicles, with highly tunable surfaces, that have the ability to transport both hydrophilic and lipophilic structures ensuring superior drug bioavailability at the action site as well as an increased selectivity. This study aims to report the results related to the development of different types of liposomes, used as targeted vectors for the delivery of various triterpenes of high pharmacological interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Milan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (A.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.G.); (R.R.); (C.Ş.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (A.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.G.); (R.R.); (C.Ş.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Prodea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (A.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.G.); (R.R.); (C.Ş.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Marius Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (A.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.G.); (R.R.); (C.Ş.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (R.B.); Tel.: +40-256-494-604 (M.M. & R.B.)
| | - Roxana Buzatu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timişoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (R.B.); Tel.: +40-256-494-604 (M.M. & R.B.)
| | - Roxana Ghiulai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (A.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.G.); (R.R.); (C.Ş.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Racoviceanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (A.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.G.); (R.R.); (C.Ş.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Florina Caruntu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timişoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Codruţa Şoica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (A.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.G.); (R.R.); (C.Ş.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020215. [PMID: 35203425 PMCID: PMC8868590 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of people are affected by various neurodegenerative diseases each year, impacting the quality of life of millions of people worldwide [...]
Collapse
|
15
|
Herbal Mixture of Carthamus tinctorius L. Seed and Taraxacum coreanum Attenuates Amyloid Beta-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction In Vivo. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020142. [PMID: 35053874 PMCID: PMC8774339 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the aging brain has been often observed and is thought to be a pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease. The use of natural products for disease prevention and treatment is gaining attention worldwide. Carthamus tinctorius L. seed and Taraxacum coreanum have been used as traditional medicines in Asian countries, where they have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. It has been demonstrated that the combination of C. tinctorius L. seed and T. coreanum has an effect on cognitive enhancement, indicating a ratio of 5:5 synergistically enhancing learning and memory abilities in comparison with a single treatment. Here, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of C. tinctorius L. seed and T. coreanum mixture (CT) at different concentrations on cognition in Aβ25-35-infused mice. CT-administered mice showed significant cognitive improvement in the T-maze, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze tests. Moreover, amyloidogenesis-related proteins, such as β-secretase and γ-secretase, were detected and their protein levels decreased after treatment with CT. Our study shows that CT attenuates cognitive dysfunction by improving learning and memory capability and regulating Aβ-related proteins in Aβ25-35-injected mice. These findings suggest that CT might be a candidate for functional food on cognitive improvement.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ali Reza ASM, Nasrin MS, Hossen MA, Rahman MA, Jantan I, Haque MA, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Mechanistic insight into immunomodulatory effects of food-functioned plant secondary metabolites. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:5546-5576. [PMID: 34955042 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medicinally important plant-foods offer a balanced immune function, which is essential for protecting the body against antigenic invasion, mainly by microorganisms. Immunomodulators play pivotal roles in supporting immune function either suppressing or stimulating the immune system's response to invading pathogens. Among different immunomodulators, plant-based secondary metabolites have emerged as high potential not only for immune defense but also for cellular immunoresponsiveness. These natural immunomodulators can be developed into safer alternatives to the clinically used immunosuppressants and immunostimulant cytotoxic drugs which possess serious side effects. Many plants of different species have been reported to possess strong immunomodulating properties. The immunomodulatory effects of plant extracts and their bioactive metabolites have been suggested due to their diverse mechanisms of modulation of the complex immune system and their multifarious molecular targets. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates and polyphenols have been reported as responsible for the immunomodulatory effects of several medicinal plants. This review illustrates the potent immunomodulatory effects of 65 plant secondary metabolites, including dietary compounds and their underlying mechanisms of action on cellular and humoral immune functions in in vitro and in vivo studies. The clinical potential of some of the compounds to be used for various immune-related disorders is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S M Ali Reza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Samima Nasrin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Amjad Hossen
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Areeful Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cuadrado A. Brain-Protective Mechanisms of Transcription Factor NRF2: Toward a Common Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:255-277. [PMID: 34637322 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the loss of homeostatic functions that control redox and energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, and proteostasis. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master controller of these functions, and its overall activity is compromised during aging and in these diseases. However, NRF2 can be activated pharmacologically and is now being considered a common therapeutic target. Many gaps still exist in our knowledge of the specific role that NRF2 plays in specialized brain cell functions or how these cells respond to the hallmarks of these diseases. This review discusses the relevance of NRF2 to several hallmark features of neurodegenerative diseases and the current status of pharmacological activators that might pass through the blood-brain barrier and provide a disease-modifying effect. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cuadrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid 28046, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid 28031, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Burtscher J, Mallet RT, Burtscher M, Millet GP. Hypoxia and brain aging: Neurodegeneration or neuroprotection? Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101343. [PMID: 33862277 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The absolute reliance of the mammalian brain on oxygen to generate ATP renders it acutely vulnerable to hypoxia, whether at high altitude or in clinical settings of anemia or pulmonary disease. Hypoxia is pivotal to the pathogeneses of myriad neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, reduced environmental oxygen, e.g. sojourns or residing at high altitudes, may impart favorable effects on aging and mortality. Moreover, controlled hypoxia exposure may represent a treatment strategy for age-related neurological disorders. This review discusses evidence of hypoxia's beneficial vs. detrimental impacts on the aging brain and the molecular mechanisms that mediate these divergent effects. It draws upon an extensive literature search on the effects of hypoxia/altitude on brain aging, and detailed analysis of all identified studies directly comparing brain responses to hypoxia in young vs. aged humans or rodents. Special attention is directed toward the risks vs. benefits of hypoxia exposure to the elderly, and potential therapeutic applications of hypoxia for neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, important questions for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rehman IU, Ahmad R, Khan I, Lee HJ, Park J, Ullah R, Choi MJ, Kang HY, Kim MO. Nicotinamide Ameliorates Amyloid Beta-Induced Oxidative Stress-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Adult Mouse Brain. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040408. [PMID: 33920212 PMCID: PMC8070416 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most predominant age-related neurodegenerative disease, pathologically characterized by the accumulation of aggregates of amyloid beta Aβ1–42 and tau hyperphosphorylation in the brain. It is considered to be the primary cause of cognitive dysfunction. The aggregation of Aβ1–42 leads to neuronal inflammation and apoptosis. Since vitamins are basic dietary nutrients that organisms need for their growth, survival, and other metabolic functions, in this study, the underlying neuroprotective mechanism of nicotinamide (NAM) Vitamin B3 against Aβ1–42 -induced neurotoxicity was investigated in mouse brains. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) Aβ1–42 injection elicited neuronal dysfunctions that led to memory impairment and neurodegeneration in mouse brains. After 24 h after Aβ1–42 injection, the mice were treated with NAM (250 mg/kg intraperitoneally) for 1 week. For biochemical and Western blot studies, the mice were directly sacrificed, while for confocal and “immunohistochemical staining”, mice were perfused transcardially with 4% paraformaldehyde. Our biochemical, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical results showed that NAM can ameliorate neuronal inflammation and apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress through lowering malondialdehyde and 2,7-dichlorofluorescein levels in an Aβ1–42-injected mouse brains, where the regulation of p-JNK further regulated inflammatory marker proteins (TNF-α, IL-1β, transcription factor NF-kB) and apoptotic marker proteins (Bax, caspase 3, PARP1). Furthermore, NAM + Aβ treatment for 1 week increased the amount of survival neurons and reduced neuronal cell death in Nissl staining. We also analyzed memory dysfunction via behavioral studies and the analysis showed that NAM could prevent Aβ1–42 -induced memory deficits. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that NAM may be a potential preventive and therapeutic candidate for Aβ1–42 -induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neurotoxicity in an adult mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inayat Ur Rehman
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Riaz Ahmad
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Ibrahim Khan
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Hyeon Jin Lee
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Jungsung Park
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Rahat Ullah
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Myeong Jun Choi
- Research and Development Center, Axceso Bio-pharma co, Anyang 14056, Korea;
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1345; Fax: +82-55-772-2656
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Quinpirole-Mediated Regulation of Dopamine D2 Receptors Inhibits Glial Cell-Induced Neuroinflammation in Cortex and Striatum after Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010047. [PMID: 33430188 PMCID: PMC7825629 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury is a significant risk factor for chronic gliosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, no treatment is available for neuroinflammation caused by the action of glial cells following brain injury. In this study, we investigated the quinpirole-mediated activation of dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). We also investigated the neuroprotective effects of quinpirole (a D2R agonist) against glial cell-induced neuroinflammation secondary to TBI in adult mice. After the brain injury, we injected quinpirole into the TBI mice at a dose of 1 mg/kg daily intraperitoneally for 7 days. Our results showed suppression of D2R expression and deregulation of downstream signaling molecules in ipsilateral cortex and striatum after TBI on day 7. Quinpirole administration regulated D2R expression and significantly reduced glial cell-induced neuroinflammation via the D2R/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3-β) signaling pathway after TBI. Quinpirole treatment concomitantly attenuated increase in glial cells, neuronal apoptosis, synaptic dysfunction, and regulated proteins associated with the blood–brain barrier, together with the recovery of lesion volume in the TBI mouse model. Additionally, our in vitro results confirmed that quinpirole reversed the microglial condition media complex-mediated deleterious effects and regulated D2R levels in HT22 cells. This study showed that quinpirole administration after TBI reduced secondary brain injury-induced glial cell activation and neuroinflammation via regulation of the D2R/Akt/GSK3-β signaling pathways. Our study suggests that quinpirole may be a safe therapeutic agent against TBI-induced neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu K, Zhang X, Xie L, Deng M, Chen H, Song J, Long J, Li X, Luo J. Lupeol and its derivatives as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105373. [PMID: 33316380 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lupeol is a natural triterpenoid that widely exists in edible fruits and vegetables, and medicinal plants. In the last decade, a plethora of studies on the pharmacological activities of lupeol have been conducted and have demonstrated that lupeol possesses an extensive range of pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Pharmacokinetic studies have indicated that absorption of lupeol by animals was rapid despite its nonpolar characteristics, and lupeol belongs to class II BCS (biopharmaceutics classification system) compounds. Moreover, the bioactivities of some isolated or synthesized lupeol derivatives have been investigated, and these results showed that, with modification to C-3 or C-19, some derivatives exhibit stronger activities, e.g., antiprotozoal or anticancer activity. This review aims to summarize the advances in pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies of lupeol in the last decade with an emphasis on its anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as the research progress of lupeol derivatives thus far, to provide researchers with the latest information, point out the limitations of relevant research at the current stage and the aspects that should be strengthened in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Long Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Mao Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Huijuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jiawen Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jiaying Long
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Jia Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|