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Wang G, Wang Y, Ma F. Exploiting bacterial-origin immunostimulants for improved vaccination and immunotherapy: current insights and future directions. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:24. [PMID: 38368397 PMCID: PMC10874560 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a valid strategy to prevent and control newly emerging and reemerging infectious diseases in humans and animals. However, synthetic and recombinant antigens are poor immunogenic to stimulate efficient and protective host immune response. Immunostimulants are indispensable factors of vaccines, which can promote to trigger fast, robust, and long-lasting immune responses. Importantly, immunotherapy with immunostimulants is increasing proved to be an effective and promising treatment of cancer, which could enhance the function of the immune system against tumor cells. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play vital roles in inflammation and are central to innate and adaptive immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-targeting immunostimulants have become one of the hotspots in adjuvant research and cancer therapy. Bacterial-origin immunoreactive molecules are usually the ligands of PRRs, which could be fast recognized by PRRs and activate immune response to eliminate pathogens. Varieties of bacterial immunoreactive molecules and bacterial component-mimicking molecules have been successfully used in vaccines and clinical therapy so far. This work provides a comprehensive review of the development, current state, mechanisms, and applications of bacterial-origin immunostimulants. The exploration of bacterial immunoreactive molecules, along with their corresponding mechanisms, holds immense significance in deepening our understanding of bacterial pathogenicity and in the development of promising immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yongkang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, China.
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Ho TL, Lee J, Ahn SY, Lee D, Song W, Kang I, Ko E. Immunostimulatory effects of marine algae extracts on in vitro antigen-presenting cell activation and in vivo immune cell recruitment. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6560-6570. [PMID: 37823147 PMCID: PMC10563723 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that are widely used as sources of food, cosmetics, and drugs. However, their biological and immunological effects on immune cells have not been fully elucidated. To unravel their immunological activity and broaden their application, we generated antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, from mouse bone marrow cells and treated them with six different marine algae extracts (MAEs). We evaluated cell viability, activation marker expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by APCs after 2 days of MAE treatment. All six MAEs significantly induced cytokine production of APCs, among which Pyropia yezoensis (PY), Peyssonnelia caulifera (PC), and Meristotheca papulosa (MP) extracts exhibited the strongest effect. Cladophora wrightiana var. minor (CW) extract moderately upregulated cytokine levels but increased the expression of activation markers on DCs. Moreover, PY, PC, MP, Sargassum pectinifera (SP), and Caulerpa okamurae (CO) pre-treated APCs effectively stimulated T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Furthermore, the mice injected with MAEs exhibited higher cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) production as well as enhanced innate immune cell recruitment capacities (DCs, monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells) in the peritoneal cavity of the mice compared to those of the non-treated mice. Therefore, all MAEs exhibited immunostimulatory potential, with PY, PC, CW, and MP extracts being the most effective in stimulating immune responses and cell activation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the immunomodulatory activities of six MAEs both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Len Ho
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & ScienceJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jueun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Ha Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Woo‐Jin Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Inhae Kang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & ScienceJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and NutritionJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Ju Ko
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & ScienceJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
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Jearanaiwitayakul T, Warit S, Lekjinda K, Seesen M, Limthongkul J, Midoeng P, Sunintaboon P, Ubol S. The Adjuvant Activity of BCG Cell Wall Cytoskeleton on a Dengue Virus-2 Subunit Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1344. [PMID: 37631912 PMCID: PMC10459381 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The uneven immunogenicity of the attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine has made it difficult to achieve balanced protection against all four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV). To overcome this problem, non-replicative vaccines have come into focus, as their immunogenicity is adjustable. This approach is excellent for multivalent vaccines but commonly faces the issue of low immunogenicity. In this present study, we developed a non-replicating dengue vaccine composed of UV-inactivated dengue virus-2 (UV-DENV-2) and DENV-2 NS1-279 protein encapsidated within nanoparticles. This vaccine candidate was administered in the presence of BCG cell wall cytoskeleton (BCG-CWS) as an adjuvant. We revealed, here, that encapsidated immunogens with BCG-CWS exerted potent activities on both B and T cells and elicited Th-1/Th-2 responses in mice. This was evidenced by BCG-CWS significantly augmenting antibody-mediated complement-fixing activity, strongly stimulating the antigen-specific polyfunctional T cell responses, and activating mixed Th-1/Th-2 responses specific to DENV-2- and NS1-279 antigens. In conclusion, BCG-CWS potently adjuvanted the inactivated DENV-2 and DENV subunit immunogens. The mechanism of adjuvanticity remains unclear. This study revealed the potential use of BCG-CWS in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuksin Jearanaiwitayakul
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand;
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (M.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Saradee Warit
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Medical Molecular Biology Research Unit, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Kritsadayut Lekjinda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya 73170, Thailand; (K.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Mathurin Seesen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (M.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Jitra Limthongkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (M.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Panuwat Midoeng
- Division of Pathology, Army Institute of Pathology, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Panya Sunintaboon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya 73170, Thailand; (K.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Sukathida Ubol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (M.S.); (J.L.)
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Li Z, Kim KH, Bhatnagar N, Park BR, Jeeva S, Jung YJ, Raha J, Kang SM, Chen X. Physical radiofrequency adjuvant enhances immune responses to influenza H5N1 vaccination. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22182. [PMID: 35113455 PMCID: PMC8928172 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101703r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pre-pandemic influenza H5N1 vaccine has relatively low immunogenicity and often requires high antigen amounts and two immunizations to induce protective immunity. Incorporation of vaccine adjuvants is promising to stretch vaccine doses during pandemic outbreaks. This study presents a physical radiofrequency (RF) adjuvant (RFA) to conveniently and effectively increase the immunogenicity and efficacy of H5N1 vaccine without modification of vaccine preparation. Physical RFA is based on a brief RF treatment of the skin to induce thermal stress to enhance intradermal vaccine-induced immune responses with minimal local or systemic adverse reactions. We found that physical RFA could significantly increase H5N1 vaccine-induced hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers in murine models. Intradermal H5N1 vaccine in the presence of RFA but not vaccine alone significantly lowered lung viral titers, reduced body weight loss, and improved survival rates after lethal viral challenges. The improved protection in the presence of RFA was correlated with enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses to H5N1 vaccination in both male and female mice, indicating no gender difference of RFA effects in murine models. Our data support further development of the physical RFA to conveniently enhance the efficacy of H5N1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofan Li
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Pharmacy Building, Room 480, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Bo Ryoung Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Subbiah Jeeva
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Jannatul Raha
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Xinyuan Chen
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Pharmacy Building, Room 480, Kingston, RI 02881
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