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Deng K, Li Q, Lu L, Wang L, Cheng Z, Wang S. Proteasome and PARP1 dual-target inhibitor for multiple myeloma: Fluzoparib. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 39:101781. [PMID: 39071914 PMCID: PMC11279668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the current mainstream treatments for multiple myeloma (MM) is chemotherapy. However, due to the high clonal heterogeneity and genomic complexity of MM, single-target drugs have limited efficacy and are prone to drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop multi-target drugs against MM. We screened drugs that simultaneously inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and 20S proteasome through computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) techniques, and explored the binding mode and dynamic stability of selected inhibitor to proteasome through Molecular biology (MD) simulation method. Thus, the dual-target inhibition effect of fluzoparib was proposed for the first time, and the ability of dual-target inhibition and tumor killing was explored at the enzyme, cell and animal level, respectively. This provides a theoretical and experimental basis for exploring multi-target inhibitory drugs for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiongqiong Li
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lina Lu
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Luting Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyong Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Baoding No.1 Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Suyun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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2
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Nguyen TL, Mégraud F, Varon C. Helicobacter pylori Infection and Pathogenic Variants in Homologous Recombination Genes in Gastric Cancer. Clin Chem 2024; 70:21-24. [PMID: 38175580 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tra Ly Nguyen
- INSERM U1312 Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, Team 4 "Helicobacter-Associated Digestive Cancers, Cancer Stem Cells and Therapeutic Strategies," Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- INSERM U1312 Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, Team 4 "Helicobacter-Associated Digestive Cancers, Cancer Stem Cells and Therapeutic Strategies," Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Varon
- INSERM U1312 Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, Team 4 "Helicobacter-Associated Digestive Cancers, Cancer Stem Cells and Therapeutic Strategies," Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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3
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Skouteris N, Papageorgiou G. PARP Inhibitors in Colorectal Malignancies: A 2023 Update. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2024; 19:101-108. [PMID: 38058097 DOI: 10.2174/0115748871260815231116060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the Western world, and metastatic disease is associated with a dismal prognosis. Poly-ADpribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors gain increasing attention in the field of medical oncology, as they lead to synthetic lethality in malignancies with preexisting alterations in the DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway. As those alterations are frequently seen in CRC, a targeted approach through PARP inhibitors is expected to benefit these patients, both alone and in combination with other agents like chemotherapy, immunotherapy, antiangiogenics, and radiation. OBJECTIVE This review article aims to better clarify the role of PARP inhibitors as a treatment option in patients with metastatic CRC with alterations in the DDR pathway. METHODS We used the PubMed database to retrieve journal articles and the inclusion criteria were all human studies that illustrated the effective role of PARP inhibitors in patients with metastatic CRC with homologous repair deficiency (HRD) and the correct line of therapy. RESULTS Current evidence supports the utilization of PARP inhibitors in CRC subgroups, as monotherapy and in combination with other agents. Up to now, data are insufficient to support a formal indication, and further research is needed. CONCLUSION Efforts to precisely define the homologous repair deficiency (HRD) in CRC - and eventually the subgroup of patients that are expected to benefit the most - are also underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Skouteris
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, "Metaxa" Cancer Hospital, 51 Botassi Street, 18537 Piraeus, Greece
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4
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Youssef ASED, Zekri ARN, Mohanad M, Loutfy SA, Abdel Fattah NF, Elberry MH, El Leithy AA, El-Touny A, Rabie AS, Shalaby M, Hanafy A, Lotfy MM, El-Sisi ER, El-Sayyad GS, Nassar A. Deleterious and ethnic-related BRCA1/2 mutations in tissue and blood of Egyptian colorectal cancer patients and its correlation with human papillomavirus. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:5063-5088. [PMID: 37804357 PMCID: PMC10725364 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify BRCA1/2 mutational patterns in the tissue and blood of Egyptian colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and to study the possible correlation of this mutational pattern with Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Eighty-two colonoscopic biopsies and forty-six blood samples were collected from Egyptian CRC patients, as well as blood samples of age and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 43) were enrolled. The libraries were performed using Qiaseq Human BRCA1 and BRCA2 targeted DNA panel and sequenced via Ion proton sequencer. Also, the CRC tissues were subjected to conventional PCR targeting the HPV Late 1 (L1) region. Our analysis revealed that the BRCA-DNA damage pathway had been altered in more than 65% of the CRC patients. Comparing tissue and blood samples from CRC patients, 25 somatic mutations were found exclusively in tissue, while 41 germline mutations were found exclusively in blood. Additionally, we identified 23 shared BRCA1/2 pathogenic (PVs) mutations in both blood and tissue samples, with a significantly higher frequency in blood samples compared to tissue samples. The most affected exon in BRCA1 was exon 10, while the most affected exons in BRCA2 were 11, 14, 18, 24, and 27 exons. Notably, we revealed an ethnic-related cluster of polymorphism variants in our population closely related to South Asian and African ethnicities. Novel PVs were identified and submitted to the ClinVar database. HPV was found in 23.8% of the CRC tissues, and 54% of HPV-positive cases had somatic BRCA1/2 PVs. The results of this research point to a possible connection between infection with HPV and BRCA1/2 mutations in the occurrence of colorectal cancer in the Egyptian population, which has a mixed ethnic background. Our data also indicate that liquid biopsy (blood samples) may be more representative than tissue samples for detecting BRCA1/2 mutations. These findings may have implications for cancer screening and the development of personalized, targeted therapies, such as PARP inhibitors, which can effectively target BRCA1/2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Salah El-Din Youssef
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Abdel Rahman N Zekri
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Mohanad
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samah A Loutfy
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), The British University in Egypt (BUE), El-Shorouk City, Suez Desert Road, P. O. Box 43, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nasra F Abdel Fattah
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa H Elberry
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A El Leithy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Touny
- Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samy Rabie
- Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shalaby
- Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman Hanafy
- Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai M Lotfy
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas R El-Sisi
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gharieb S El-Sayyad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, Egypt.
- Drug Microbiology Lab., Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Auhood Nassar
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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De Marco K, Sanese P, Simone C, Grossi V. Histone and DNA Methylation as Epigenetic Regulators of DNA Damage Repair in Gastric Cancer and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4976. [PMID: 37894343 PMCID: PMC10605360 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), one of the most common malignancies worldwide, is a heterogeneous disease developing from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. One of the most critical epigenetic alterations in GC is DNA and histone methylation, which affects multiple processes in the cell nucleus, including gene expression and DNA damage repair (DDR). Indeed, the aberrant expression of histone methyltransferases and demethylases influences chromatin accessibility to the DNA repair machinery; moreover, overexpression of DNA methyltransferases results in promoter hypermethylation, which can suppress the transcription of genes involved in DNA repair. Several DDR mechanisms have been recognized so far, with homologous recombination (HR) being the main pathway involved in the repair of double-strand breaks. An increasing number of defective HR genes are emerging in GC, resulting in the identification of important determinants of therapeutic response to DDR inhibitors. This review describes how both histone and DNA methylation affect DDR in the context of GC and discusses how alterations in DDR can help identify new molecular targets to devise more effective therapeutic strategies for GC, with a particular focus on HR-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia De Marco
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology—IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (K.D.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Paola Sanese
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology—IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (K.D.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology—IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (K.D.M.); (P.S.)
- Medical Genetics, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonic Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology—IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (K.D.M.); (P.S.)
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Fanale D, Corsini LR, Pedone E, Randazzo U, Fiorino A, Di Piazza M, Brando C, Magrin L, Contino S, Piraino P, Bazan Russo TD, Cipolla C, Russo A, Bazan V. Potential agnostic role of BRCA alterations in patients with several solid tumors: One for all, all for one? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 190:104086. [PMID: 37536445 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline BRCA1/2 alterations in the Homologous Recombination (HR) pathway are considered as main susceptibility biomarkers to Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancers (HBOC). The modern molecular biology technologies allowed to characterize germline and somatic BRCA1/2 alterations in several malignancies, broadening the landscape of BRCA1/2-alterated tumors. In the last years, BRCA genetic testing, beyond the preventive value, also assumed a predictive and prognostic significance for patient management. The approval of molecules with agnostic indication is leading to a new clinical model, defined "mutational". Among these drugs, the Poly (ADP)-Ribose Polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) for BRCA1/2-deficient tumors were widely studied leading to increasing therapeutic implications. In this Review we provided an overview of the main clinical studies describing the association between BRCA-mutated tumors and PARPi response, focusing on the controversial evidence about the potential agnostic indication based on BRCA1/2 alterations in several solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fanale
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lidia Rita Corsini
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Erika Pedone
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ugo Randazzo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Fiorino
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marianna Di Piazza
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Brando
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luigi Magrin
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Contino
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Piraino
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tancredi Didier Bazan Russo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Cipolla
- Division of General and Oncological Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Viviana Bazan
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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7
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Yu X, Zhu L, Wang T, Li L, Liu J, Che G, Zhou Q. Enhancing the anti-tumor response by combining DNA damage repair inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188910. [PMID: 37172653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The anti-cancer efficacy of anti-malignancy therapies is related to DNA damage. However, DNA damage-response mechanisms can repair DNA damage, failing anti-tumor therapy. The resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy remains a clinical challenge. Thus, new strategies to overcome these therapeutic resistance mechanisms are needed. DNA damage repair inhibitors (DDRis) continue to be investigated, with polyadenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibitors being the most studied inhibitors. Evidence of their clinical benefits and therapeutic potential in preclinical studies is growing. In addition to their potential as a monotherapy, DDRis may play an important synergistic role with other anti-cancer therapies or in reversing acquired treatment resistance. Here we review the impact of DDRis on solid tumors and the potential value of combinations of different treatment modalities with DDRis for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Yu
- Lung Cancer Institute/Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, No. 10 Qinyun Nan Street, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Lung Cancer Institute/Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Lung Cancer Institute/Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Li
- Lung Cancer Institute/Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Lung Cancer Institute/Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guowei Che
- Lung Cancer Institute/Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Lung Cancer Institute/Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Antitumoral effect of novel synthetic 8-hydroxy-2-((4-nitrophenyl)thio)naphthalene-1,4-dione (CNN16) via ROS-mediated DNA damage, apoptosis and anti-migratory effect in colon cancer cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 456:116256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Mgoboza C, Okunlola FO, Akawa OB, Aljoundi A, Soliman MES. Talazoparib Dual-targeting on Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 and -16 Enzymes Offers a Promising Therapeutic Strategy in Small Cell Lung Cancer Therapy: Insight from Biophysical Computations. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:495-504. [PMID: 35588345 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes by pharmacological drugs has attracted much attention as an anticancer therapy. As reported, PARP-16 has been discovered as a novel anticancer target for small cell lung cancer, and that the inhibition of both PARP-16 and PARP-1 by talazoparib can increase the overall effectiveness of talazoparib in the SCLC treatment. In this study, we employed computational approaches to investigate the differential inhibitory potency of Talazoparib on PARP-1 and PARP-16. Talazoparib has excellent PARP-1 and PARP-16 binding activities, as revealed by the ΔGbind (total binding energy). Pp16-tpb had binding energy of -34.85 kcal/mol, while pp1-tpb had a binding energy of -26.36 kcal/mol. The binding activity of Talazoparib on both PARP-1 and PARP-16 was significantly influenced by van der Waal and electrostatic interactions. Correspondingly, according to the findings of this study, binding residues with total binding energy greater than 1.00 kcal/mol contributed considerably to the Talazoparib's binding activities on PARP-1 and PARP-16. We believe the findings of this study will pave the way for developing dual targeting of PARP enzymes as a strategy for small-cell lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwayita Mgoboza
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Felix O Okunlola
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Oluwole B Akawa
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Aimen Aljoundi
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
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10
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Mekkawy AH, Pillai K, Suh H, Badar S, Akhter J, Képénékian V, Ke K, Valle SJ, Morris DL. Bromelain and acetylcysteine (BromAc ®) alone and in combination with gemcitabine inhibit subcutaneous deposits of pancreatic cancer after intraperitoneal injection. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:13524-13539. [PMID: 35035694 PMCID: PMC8748110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GEM) is commonly chosen for treating pancreatic cancer. However, its use is limited by toxicity. Earlier in vitro studies with GEM in combination with Bromelain (Brom) and Acetylcysteine (Ac) indicated a substantial reduction in IC50. In this study, immunocytochemistry and Western blot were used to explore the mechanistic effects of Brom and Ac (BromAc®) in vitro. Then, we explored the efficacy and safety of BromAc® only and with GEM in a pancreatic cancer model in vivo. Immunocytochemistry results revealed a reduction in both MUC1 and MUC4 post-treatment. There was a decrease in VEGF, MMP-9, NF-κβ and cleavage of PARP. There was also a decrease in the cell cycle regulators Cyclin B and D as well as TGF-β and the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. In vivo, the low and high doses of BromAc® alone and with chemotherapy agents were safe. A very significant reduction in pancreatic tumour volume, weight, and ki67 were seen with BromAc® therapy and was equal to treatment with GEM alone and better than treatment with 5-FU. In addition, tumour density was significantly reduced by BromAc®. In conclusion, the anticancer effect of BromAc® is probably related to its mucin depletion activity as well as its effect on proteins involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and modulation of the tumour microenvironment. The in vivo results are encouraging and are considered the first evidence of the efficacy of BromAc® in pancreatic cancer. These results also provide some mechanistic leads of BromAc®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Mekkawy
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalSydney, NSW 2217, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
| | - Krishna Pillai
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalSydney, NSW 2217, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
| | - Hyerim Suh
- University of New South Wales, St George & Sutherland Clinical SchoolSydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Samina Badar
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalSydney, NSW 2217, Australia
- University of New South Wales, St George & Sutherland Clinical SchoolSydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Javed Akhter
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalSydney, NSW 2217, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
| | - Vahan Képénékian
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; EMR 3738, Lyon 1 UniversitéLyon, France
| | - Kevin Ke
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalSydney, NSW 2217, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
| | - Sarah J Valle
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalSydney, NSW 2217, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
| | - David L Morris
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalSydney, NSW 2217, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
- University of New South Wales, St George & Sutherland Clinical SchoolSydney, NSW 2217, Australia
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