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Lee EO, Joo HK, Lee YR, Kim S, Lee KH, Lee SD, Jeon BH. APE1/Ref-1 Inhibits Adipogenic Transcription Factors during Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043251. [PMID: 36834665 PMCID: PMC9961804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein involved in DNA repair and redox regulation. The redox activity of APE1/Ref-1 is involved in inflammatory responses and regulation of DNA binding of transcription factors related to cell survival pathways. However, the effect of APE1/Ref-1 on adipogenic transcription factor regulation remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of APE1/Ref-1 on the regulation of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. During adipocyte differentiation, APE1/Ref-1 expression significantly decreased with the increased expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, and the adipocyte differentiation marker adipocyte protein 2 (aP2) in a time-dependent manner. However, APE1/Ref-1 overexpression inhibited C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, and aP2 expression, which was upregulated during adipocyte differentiation. In contrast, silencing APE1/Ref-1 or redox inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 using E3330 increased the mRNA and protein levels of C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, and aP2 during adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that APE1/Ref-1 inhibits adipocyte differentiation by regulating adipogenic transcription factors, suggesting that APE1/Ref-1 is a potential therapeutic target for regulating adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Joo
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ran Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Ho Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Joongbu University, 201 Daehak-ro, Geumsan-gun 32713, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hwa Jeon
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon 35015, Jung-gu, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-580-8214
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Oliveira TT, Coutinho LG, de Oliveira LOA, Timoteo ARDS, Farias GC, Agnez-Lima LF. APE1/Ref-1 Role in Inflammation and Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:793096. [PMID: 35296074 PMCID: PMC8918667 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.793096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox effector factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional enzyme that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. APE1 is the major apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease in the base excision repair pathway and acts as a redox-dependent regulator of several transcription factors, including NF-κB, AP-1, HIF-1α, and STAT3. These functions render APE1 vital to regulating cell signaling, senescence, and inflammatory pathways. In addition to regulating cytokine and chemokine expression through activation of redox sensitive transcription factors, APE1 participates in other critical processes in the immune response, including production of reactive oxygen species and class switch recombination. Furthermore, through participation in active chromatin demethylation, the repair function of APE1 also regulates transcription of some genes, including cytokines such as TNFα. The multiple functions of APE1 make it an essential regulator of the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. Therefore, APE1 inhibitors have therapeutic potential. APE1 is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and participates in tissue homeostasis, and its roles in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases have been elucidated. This review discusses known roles of APE1 in innate and adaptive immunity, especially in the CNS, recent evidence of a role in the extracellular environment, and the therapeutic potential of APE1 inhibitors in infectious/immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Teixeira Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Leonam Gomes Coutinho
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), São Paulo do Potengi, Brazil
| | | | | | - Guilherme Cavalcanti Farias
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Lucymara Fassarella Agnez-Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Lucymara Fassarella Agnez-Lima,
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