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Blazevic N, Rogic D, Pelajic S, Miler M, Glavcic G, Ratkajec V, Vrkljan N, Bakula D, Hrabar D, Pavic T. YKL-40 as a biomarker in various inflammatory diseases: A review. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2024; 34:010502. [PMID: 38125621 PMCID: PMC10731731 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2024.010502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
YKL-40 or Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1 (CHI3L1) is a highly conserved glycoprotein that binds heparin and chitin in a non-enzymatic manner. It is a member of the chitinase protein family 18, subfamily A, and unlike true chitinases, YKL-40 is a chitinase-like protein without enzymatic activity for chitin. Although its accurate function is yet unknown, the pattern of its expression in the normal and disease states suggests its possible engagement in apoptosis, inflammation and remodeling or degradation of the extracellular matrix. During an inflammatory response, YKL-40 is involved in a complicated interaction between host and bacteria, both promoting and attenuating immune response and potentially being served as an autoantigen in a vicious circle of autoimmunity. Based on its pathophysiology and mechanism of action, the aim of this review was to summarize research on the growing role of YKL-40 as a persuasive biomarker for inflammatory diseases' early diagnosis, prediction and follow-up (e.g., cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrinological, immunological, musculoskeletal, neurological, respiratory, urinary, infectious) with detailed structural and functional background of YKL-40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Blazevic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dunja Rogic
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stipe Pelajic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Miler
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Glavcic
- Department of Surgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Ratkajec
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital Virovitica, Virovitica, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Vrkljan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dejan Bakula
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Hrabar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tajana Pavic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
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Zhang Y, Tian J, Ni J, Wei M, Li T, Shi J. Peripheral Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of YKL-40 in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1364. [PMID: 37891733 PMCID: PMC10605482 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is particularly complicated, and early diagnosis and course monitoring of the disease are not ideal based on the available core biomarkers. As a biomarker closely related to neuroinflammation, YKL-40 provides a potential scalable approach in AD, but its association remains controversial and inconclusive with AD. We conducted this study to assess the utility of YKL-40 levels in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients and healthy controls (HCs) by meta-analysis. We systematically searched and screened relevant trials for comparing YKL-40 levels between AD patients and HCs in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science, with a search deadline of 14 March 2023 for each database. A total of 17 eligible and relevant studies involving 1811 subjects, including 949 AD patients and 862 HCs, were included. The results showed that YKL-40 levels in the peripheral blood of AD patients and HCs did not possess significant differences. Subgroup analysis showed YKL-40 significantly differed in plasma (SMD = 0.527, 95%CI: [0.302, 0.752]; p = 0.000), but did not in serum. In the case of comparison with HCs, YKL-40 was significantly higher in CSF of AD patients (SMD = 0.893, 95%CI: [0.665, 1.121]; p = 0.000). Besides that, when we performed a combined analysis of total YKL-40 in both peripheral blood and CSF, overall YKL-40 concentrations were also significantly increased among AD patients (SMD = 0.608, 95%CI: [0.272, 0.943]; p = 0.000). YKL-40 provides support and rationale for the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of AD. The significance of CSF levels of YKL-40 for early screening of AD is definite. Plasma levels of YKL-40 also appear to assist in discriminating AD patients from HCs, which facilitates early screening and monitoring of the natural course of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Shi
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; (Y.Z.); (J.T.); (J.N.); (M.W.); (T.L.)
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Falsetti L. Molecular Research on Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1883. [PMID: 37509522 PMCID: PMC10377172 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Falsetti
- Internal and Subintensive Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Anwar MM, Fathi MH. Early approaches of YKL-40 as a biomarker and therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2023; 13:85-99. [PMID: 36644988 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate whether the estimation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain YKL-40 levels may be used as an efficient biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was injected into the right substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Rats were divided into: control group, early LPS-induced PD group (14 days), and advanced LPS-induced PD group (28 days). YKL-40 and other related factors were detected in CSF and brain tissue. Results: Increased expression of YKL-40 was observed in brain tissue and CSF of PD-induced rats associated with triggered inflammatory cytokine release. Conclusion: The current study was limited to detecting YKL-40 and other inflammatory factors in brain and CSF. YKL-40 may be considered as an early biomarker and therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control & Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Fathi
- Department of Nucleic Acid & Protein structure, Center of Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Cairo, Egypt
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Bartra C, Irisarri A, Villoslada A, Corpas R, Aguirre S, García-Lara E, Suñol C, Pallàs M, Griñán-Ferré C, Sanfeliu C. Neuroprotective Epigenetic Changes Induced by Maternal Treatment with an Inhibitor of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Prevents Early Alzheimer's Disease Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315151. [PMID: 36499477 PMCID: PMC9740580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk begins early in life. During embryo development and postnatal maturation, the brain receives maternal physiological influences and establishes epigenetic patterns that build its level of resilience to late-life diseases. The soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor N-[1-(1-oxopropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N'-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl] urea (TPPU), reported as ant-inflammatory and neuroprotective against AD pathology in the adult 5XFAD mouse model of AD, was administered to wild-type (WT) female mice mated to heterozygous 5XFAD males during gestation and lactation. Two-month-old 5XFAD male and female offspring of vehicle-treated dams showed memory loss as expected. Remarkably, maternal treatment with TPPU fully prevented memory loss in 5XFAD. TPPU-induced brain epigenetic changes in both WT and 5XFAD mice, modulating global DNA methylation (5-mC) and hydroxymethylation (5-hmC) and reducing the gene expression of some histone deacetylase enzymes (Hdac1 and Hdac2), might be on the basis of the long-term neuroprotection against cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. In the neuropathological analysis, both WT and 5XFAD offspring of TPPU-treated dams showed lower levels of AD biomarkers of tau hyperphosphorylation and microglia activation (Trem2) than the offspring of vehicle-treated dams. Regarding sex differences, males and females were similarly protected by maternal TPPU, but females showed higher levels of AD risk markers of gliosis and neurodegeneration. Taken together, our results reveal that maternal treatment with TPPU impacts in preventing or delaying memory loss and AD pathology by inducing long-term modifications in the epigenetic machinery and its marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bartra
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Irisarri
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Villoslada
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Corpas
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Aguirre
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa García-Lara
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Suñol
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-363-8338
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White Blood Cell and Platelet Counts Are Not Suitable as Biomarkers in the Differential Diagnostics of Dementia. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111424. [DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), no biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of dementia have been established to date. Inflammatory processes contribute to the pathogenesis of dementia subtypes, e.g., AD or frontotemporal dementia (FTD). In the context of cancer or cardiovascular diseases, white blood cell (WBC) populations and platelet counts, as well as C-reactive protein (CRP), have emerged as biomarkers. Their clinical relevance in dementia, however, is currently only insufficiently investigated. In the present study, hematological and inflammatory parameters were measured in the peripheral blood of 97 patients admitted to the gerontopsychiatric ward of Hannover Medical School, a university hospital in Germany, for dementia assessment. The study population comprised 20 non-demented, depressed patients (control group) and 77 demented patients who were assigned to five different groups based on their underlying dementia etiology: AD, n = 33; vascular dementia, n = 12; mixed dementia, n = 21; FTD, n = 5; and Korsakoff syndrome, n = 6. We observed neither statistically significant differences regarding total WBC populations, platelet counts, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, nor CRP levels between the control group and the five dementia groups. CRP levels tended to be higher in patients with Korsakoff syndrome than in the control group and in AD patients. Thus, CRP could possibly play a role in the differential diagnosis of dementia. This should be investigated further in future prospective studies with larger sample sizes. WBC and platelet counts, by contrast, do not appear to be suitable biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of dementia.
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Zhao J, Zhao D, Wang J, Luo X, Guo R. Inflammation—Cause or consequence of late onset Alzheimer’s disease or both? A review of the evidence. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x221095383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is involved in the development of late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). However, it is not clear whether inflammation is a cause or consequence, or both. The aim of this paper is to review the relationship between inflammation and LOAD. We also review the effect of anti-inflammation on the risk of LOAD to further elucidate the relationship between inflammation and LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoe Luo
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
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Doroszkiewicz J, Mroczko P, Kulczyńska-Przybik A. Inflammation in the CNS - understanding various aspects of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 19:16-31. [PMID: 34856902 PMCID: PMC9127729 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211202143935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and deadly neurodegenerative disorder, and one of the most common causes of dementia in the world. Current, insufficiently sensitive and specific methods of early diagnosis and monitoring of this disease prompt a search for new tools. Numerous literature data indicate that the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not limited to the neuronal compartment, but involves various immunological mechanisms. Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a very important process in AD pathology. It seems to play pleiotropic roles, both neuroprotective as well as neurodegenerative, in the development of cognitive impairment depending on the stage of the disease. Mounting evidence demonstrates that inflammatory proteins could be considered biomarkers of disease progression. Therefore, the present review summarizes the role of some inflammatory molecules and their potential utility in the detection and monitoring of dementia severity. The paper also provides a valuable insight into new mechanisms leading to the development of dementia, which might be useful in discovering possible anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Doroszkiewicz
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok. Poland
| | - Piotr Mroczko
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, Bialystok. Poland
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