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Shiba M, Mizuno T, Fukuda T. Effect of strong wind on laminas and petioles of Farfugium japonicum (L.) Kitam. var. japonicum (Asteraceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1182266. [PMID: 37457339 PMCID: PMC10345509 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1182266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Farfugium japonicum (L.) Kitam. var. japonicum grows mainly in the coastal areas of Japan. Meteorological recording data from natural habitats were used to investigate the factors associated with the laminas and petioles of radical leaves of F. japonicum var. japonicum to avoid or resist higher wind stress. Our morphological and mechanical results indicated that petiole length and petiole cross-sectional area had a weak correlation with wind speed and breaking strength, and the petiole second area moment of inertia did not differ significantly among populations. However, both lamina area and petiole length per petiole cross-sectional area decreased with increasing wind speed, indicating that F. japonicum var. japonicum resisted or avoided an increase in wind speed outdoors by reducing the lamina area and petiole length per petiole cross-sectional area without qualitative changes in their petioles. The results of this study indicated that densely distributed recording stations of the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS) by the Japan Meteorological Agency can be used for environmental adaptation studies of plants in the field using nearby plant populations.
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Jaramillo MA, Rodríguez-Duque D, Escobar-Alba M. A new species of Piper (Piperaceae) with peltate leaves from Serranía de las Quinchas, Colombia. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 227:9-24. [PMID: 37287938 PMCID: PMC10242527 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.227.101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Piperquinchasense is described and illustrated as a new species occurring in the understory of wet montane forest of the middle Magdalena Valley in Colombia, the easternmost portion of the Chocó Region. Its relationships are discussed with related taxa from the Macrostachys clade. An identification key for 35 Neotropical Piper species with peltate leaves is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alejandra Jaramillo
- Grupo Diversitas, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, km 2 Via Cajicá-Zipaquirá, Cajicá, ColombiaUniversidad Militar Nueva GranadaCajicáColombia
| | - Dayro Rodríguez-Duque
- Grupo de Investigación Biodiversidad y Conservación, Museo de Historia Natural “Luis Gonzalo Andrade”, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia-Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja-Boyacá, Tunja, ColombiaUniversidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia-Universidad Nacional de ColombiaTunjaColombia
| | - Magda Escobar-Alba
- Grupo de Investigación Biodiversidad y Conservación, Museo de Historia Natural “Luis Gonzalo Andrade”, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia-Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja-Boyacá, Tunja, ColombiaUniversidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia-Universidad Nacional de ColombiaTunjaColombia
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Wilf P, Iglesias A, Gandolfo MA. The first Gondwanan Euphorbiaceae fossils reset the biogeographic history of the Macaranga-Mallotus clade. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16169. [PMID: 37128981 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The spurge family Euphorbiaceae is prominent in tropical rainforests worldwide, particularly in Asia. There is little consensus on the biogeographic origins of the family or its principal lineages. No confirmed spurge macrofossils have come from Gondwana. METHODS We describe the first Gondwanan macrofossils of Euphorbiaceae, represented by two infructescences and associated peltate leaves from the early Eocene (52 Myr ago [Ma]) Laguna del Hunco site in Chubut, Argentina. RESULTS The infructescences are panicles bearing tiny, pedicellate, spineless capsular fruits with two locules, two axile lenticular seeds, and two unbranched, plumose stigmas. The fossils' character combination only occurs today in some species of the Macaranga-Mallotus clade (MMC; Euphorbiaceae), a widespread Old-World understory group often thought to have tropical Asian origins. The associated leaves are consistent with extant Macaranga. CONCLUSIONS The new fossils are the oldest known for the MMC, demonstrating its Gondwanan history and marking its divergence by at least 52 Ma. This discovery makes an Asian origin of the MMC unlikely because immense oceanic distances separated Asia and South America 52 Ma. The only other MMC reproductive fossils so far known are also from the southern hemisphere (early Miocene, southern New Zealand), far from the Asian tropics. The MMC, along with many other Gondwanan survivors, most likely entered Asia during the Neogene Sahul-Sunda collision. Our discovery adds to a substantial series of well-dated, well-preserved fossils from one undersampled region, Patagonia, that have changed our understanding of plant biogeographic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ari Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, R8400FRF, Argentina
| | - María A Gandolfo
- L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Trelew, Chubut, 9100, Argentina
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Macek D, Holthusen H, Rjosk A, Ritzert S, Lautenschläger T, Neinhuis C, Simon JW, Reese S. Mechanical investigations of the peltate leaf of Stephania japonica (Menispermaceae): Experiments and a continuum mechanical material model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:994320. [PMID: 36777539 PMCID: PMC9911874 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Stephania japonica is a slender climbing plant with peltate, triangular-ovate leaves. Not many research efforts have been devoted to investigate the anatomy and the mechanical properties of this type of leaf shape. In this study, displacement driven tensile tests with three cycles on different displacement levels are performed on petioles, venation and intercostal areas of the Stephania japonica leaves. Furthermore, compression tests in longitudinal direction are performed on petioles. The mechanical experiments are combined with light microscopy and X-ray tomography. The experiments show, that these plant organs and tissues behave in the finite strain range in a viscoelastic manner. Based on the results of the light microscopy and X-ray tomography, the plant tissue can be considered as a matrix material reinforced by fibers. Therefore, a continuum mechanical anisotropic viscoelastic material model at finite deformations is proposed to model such behavior. The anisotropy is specified as the so-called transverse isotropy, where the behavior in the plane perpendicular to the fibers is assumed to be isotropic. The model is obtained by postulating a Helmholtz free energy, which is split additively into an elastic and an inelastic part. Both parts of the energy depend on structural tensors to account for the transversely isotropic material behavior. The evolution equations for the internal variables, e.g. inelastic deformations, are chosen in a physically meaningful way that always fulfills the second law of thermodynamics. The proposed model is calibrated against experimental data, and the material parameters are identified. The model can be used for finite element simulations of this type of leaf shape, which is left open for the future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domen Macek
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hagen Holthusen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annabell Rjosk
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Ritzert
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Jaan-Willem Simon
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reese
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Rjosk A, Neinhuis C, Lautenschläger T. Anatomy and Biomechanics of Peltate Begonia Leaves-Comparative Case Studies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11233297. [PMID: 36501333 PMCID: PMC9738572 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to various external stresses influencing physiology, anatomy, and morphology. Shape, geometry, and size of shoots and leaves are particularly affected. Among the latter, peltate leaves are not very common and so far, only few studies focused on their properties. In this case study, four Begonia species with different leaf shapes and petiole attachment points were analyzed regarding their leaf morphology, anatomy, and biomechanical properties. One to two plants per species were examined. In all four species, the petiole showed differently sized vascular bundles arranged in a peripheral ring and subepidermal collenchyma. These anatomical characteristics, low leaf dry mass, and low amount of lignified tissue in the petiole point toward turgor pressure as crucial for leaf stability. The petiole-lamina transition zone shows a different organization in leaves with a more central (peltate) and lateral petiole insertion. While in non-peltate leaves simple fiber branching is present, peltate leaves show a more complex reticulate fiber arrangement. Tensile and bending tests revealed similar structural Young's moduli in all species for intercostal areas and venation, but differences in the petiole. The analysis of the leaves highlights the properties of petiole and the petiole-lamina transition zone that are needed to resist external stresses.
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Langer M, Hegge E, Speck T, Speck O. Acclimation to wind loads and/or contact stimuli? A biomechanical study of peltate leaves of Pilea peperomioides. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1236-1252. [PMID: 34893822 PMCID: PMC8866637 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to various environmental stresses. Leaves immediately respond to mechano-stimulation, such as wind and touch, by bending and twisting or acclimate over a longer time period by thigmomorphogenetic changes of mechanical and geometrical properties. We selected the peltate leaves of Pilea peperomioides for a comparative analysis of mechano-induced effects on morphology, anatomy, and biomechanics of petiole and transition zone. The plants were cultivated for 6 weeks in a phytochamber divided into four treatment groups: control (no stimulus), touch stimulus (brushing every 30 s), wind stimulus (constant air flow of 4.6 m s-1), and a combination of touch and wind stimuli. Comparing the four treatment groups, neither the petiole nor the transition zone showed significant thigmomorphogenetic acclimations. However, comparing the petiole and the transition zone, the elastic modulus (E), the torsional modulus (G), the E/G ratio, and the axial rigidity (EA) differed significantly, whereas no significant difference was found for the torsional rigidity (GK). The twist-to-bend ratios (EI/GK) of all petioles ranged between 4.33 and 5.99, and of all transition zones between 0.67 and 0.78. Based on the twist-to-bend ratios, we hypothesize that bending loads are accommodated by the petiole, while torsional loads are shared between the transition zone and petiole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Langer
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Hegge
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Box F, Erlich A, Guan JH, Thorogood C. Gigantic floating leaves occupy a large surface area at an economical material cost. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabg3790. [PMID: 35138898 PMCID: PMC8827653 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The giant Amazonian waterlily (genus Victoria) produces the largest floating leaves in the plant kingdom. The leaves' notable vasculature has inspired artists, engineers, and architects for centuries. Despite the aesthetic appeal and scale of this botanical enigma, little is known about the mechanics of these extraordinary leaves. For example, how do these leaves achieve gigantic proportions? We show that the geometric form of the leaf is structurally more efficient than those of other smaller species of waterlily. In particular, the spatially varying thickness and regular branching of the primary veins ensures the structural integrity necessary for extensive coverage of the water surface, enabling optimal light capture despite a relatively low leaf biomass. Leaf gigantism in waterlilies may have been driven by selection pressures favoring a large surface area at an economical material cost, for outcompeting other plants in fast-drying ephemeral pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Box
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Gulliver UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI Paris and PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexander Erlich
- Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix-Marseille Université, 49 rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie, 13384 Marseille, France
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille Université, 163 av de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jian H. Guan
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chris Thorogood
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- University of Oxford Botanic Garden and Arboretum, Oxford OX1 4AZ, UK
- Corresponding author.
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Speck O, Speck T. Bridging the Gap: From Biomechanics and Functional Morphology of Plants to Biomimetic Developments. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 6:60. [PMID: 34698061 PMCID: PMC8544236 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics6040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, biomimetics has attracted increasing attention in both basic and applied research and in various fields of industry and building construction [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Langer M, Speck T, Speck O. Petiole-Lamina Transition Zone: A Functionally Crucial but Often Overlooked Leaf Trait. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040774. [PMID: 33920846 PMCID: PMC8071152 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although both the petiole and lamina of foliage leaves have been thoroughly studied, the transition zone between them has often been overlooked. We aimed to identify objectively measurable morphological and anatomical criteria for a generally valid definition of the petiole-lamina transition zone by comparing foliage leaves with various body plans (monocotyledons vs. dicotyledons) and spatial arrangements of petiole and lamina (two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional configurations). Cross-sectional geometry and tissue arrangement of petioles and transition zones were investigated via serial thin-sections and µCT. The changes in the cross-sectional geometries from the petiole to the transition zone and the course of the vascular bundles in the transition zone apparently depend on the spatial arrangement, while the arrangement of the vascular bundles in the petioles depends on the body plan. We found an exponential acropetal increase in the cross-sectional area and axial and polar second moments of area to be the defining characteristic of all transition zones studied, regardless of body plan or spatial arrangement. In conclusion, a variety of terms is used in the literature for describing the region between petiole and lamina. We prefer the term "petiole-lamina transition zone" to underline its three-dimensional nature and the integration of multiple gradients of geometry, shape, and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Langer
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-203-2604
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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