1
|
Kil HJ, Kim JH, Lee K, Kang TU, Yoo JH, Lee YH, Park JW. A self-powered and supercapacitive microneedle continuous glucose monitoring system with a wide range of glucose detection capabilities. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 257:116297. [PMID: 38677020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Continuous detection of sudden changes in blood glucose is essential for individuals with diabetes who have difficulty in maintaining optimal control of their blood glucose levels. Hypoglycemic shock or a hyperglycemic crisis are likely to occurs in patients with diabetes and poses a significant threat to their lives. Currently, commercial continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has limits in the glucose concentration detection range, which is 40-500 mg/dL, making it difficult to prevent the risk of hyperglycemic shock. In addition, current CGMs are invasive, cause pain and irritation during usage, and expensive. In this research, we overcome these limitations by introducing a novel mechanism to detect glucose concentration using supercapacitors. The developed CGM, which is self-powered and minimally invasive due to the use of microneedles, can detect a wider range of glucose concentrations than commercial sensors. In addition, efficacy and stability were proven through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Thus, this self-powered, microneedle and supercapacitive-type CGM can potentially prevent both hypoglycemic and complications of hyperglycemia without pain and with less power consumption than current commercial sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jun Kil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hyeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Uk Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Javanbakht S, Darvishi S, Dorchei F, Hosseini-Ghalehno M, Dehghani M, Pooresmaeil M, Suzuki Y, Ul Ain Q, Ruiz Rubio L, Shaabani A, Hayashita T, Namazi H, Heydari A. Cyclodextrin Host-Guest Recognition in Glucose-Monitoring Sensors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:33202-33228. [PMID: 37744789 PMCID: PMC10515351 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent chronic health condition that has caused millions of deaths worldwide. Monitoring blood glucose levels is crucial in diabetes management, aiding in clinical decision making and reducing the incidence of hypoglycemic episodes, thereby decreasing morbidity and mortality rates. Despite advancements in glucose monitoring (GM), the development of noninvasive, rapid, accurate, sensitive, selective, and stable systems for continuous monitoring remains a challenge. Addressing these challenges is critical to improving the clinical utility of GM technologies in diabetes management. In this concept, cyclodextrins (CDs) can be instrumental in the development of GM systems due to their high supramolecular recognition capabilities based on the host-guest interaction. The introduction of CDs into GM systems not only impacts the sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limit of the monitoring process but also improves biocompatibility and stability. These findings motivated the current review to provide a comprehensive summary of CD-based blood glucose sensors and their chemistry of glucose detection, efficiency, and accuracy. We categorize CD-based sensors into four groups based on their modification strategies, including CD-modified boronic acid, CD-modified mediators, CD-modified nanoparticles, and CD-modified functionalized polymers. These findings shed light on the potential of CD-based sensors as a promising tool for continuous GM in diabetes mellitus management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Javanbakht
- Research
Laboratory of Dendrimers and Natural Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Darvishi
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Khajeh Nasir Toosi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faeze Dorchei
- Polymer
Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Marjan Dehghani
- Department
of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University
of Kerman, Kerman 76169, Iran
| | - Malihe Pooresmaeil
- Research
Laboratory of Dendrimers and Natural Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yota Suzuki
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1, Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Saitama
University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Qurat Ul Ain
- Department
of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan
| | - Leire Ruiz Rubio
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group (LQM), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Technology, University of Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
- Basque
Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures
(BCMaterials), UPV/EHU
Science Park, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Takashi Hayashita
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1, Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Hassan Namazi
- Research
Laboratory of Dendrimers and Natural Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666, Tabriz, Iran
- Research
Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Heydari
- Polymer
Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
- National
Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nábrežie I. Krasku 4782/4, 921 12 Piešt’any, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ji W, Wang X, Liu X, Wang Y, Liu F, Xu B, Luo H, Tu T, Zhang W, Xu X, Su X. Combining manipulation of integration loci and secretory pathway on expression of an Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene in Trichoderma reesei. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:38. [PMID: 36841771 PMCID: PMC9960163 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02046-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei (T. reesei) is well-known for its excellent ability to secret a large quantity of cellulase. However, unlike the endogenous proteins, little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing heterologous protein production. Herein, we focused on the integration loci and the secretory pathway, and investigated their combinatorial effects on heterologous gene expression in T. reesei using a glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger as a model protein. Integration in the cel3c locus was more efficient than the cbh1 locus in expressing the AnGOx by increasing the transcription of AnGOx in the early stage. In addition, we discovered that interruption of the cel3c locus has an additional effect by increasing the expression of the secretory pathway component genes. Accordingly, overexpressing three secretory pathway component genes, that were snc1, sso2, and rho3, increased AnGOx expression in the cbh1 transformant but not in the cel3c transformant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangli Ji
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 South Zhongguancun St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 South Zhongguancun St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yuan Wang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Fangui Liu
- grid.459577.d0000 0004 1757 6559College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000 Guangdong China
| | - Bo Xu
- grid.459577.d0000 0004 1757 6559College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000 Guangdong China
| | - Huiying Luo
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Tao Tu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 South Zhongguancun St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 South Zhongguancun St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma J, Luo Y, Liu Y, Chen C, Chen A, Liang L, Wang W, Song Y. Exosome-mediated lnc-ABCA12-3 promotes proliferation and glycolysis but inhibits apoptosis by regulating the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 27:61-73. [PMID: 36575934 PMCID: PMC9806635 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2023.27.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a kind of malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality in the digestive system. The aim of this study is to explore the function of lnc-ABCA12-3 in the development of ESCC and its unique mechanisms. RT-PCR was applied to detect gene transcription levels in tissues or cell lines like TE-1, EC9706, and HEEC cells. Western blot was conducted to identify protein expression levels of mitochondrial apoptosis and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. CCK-8 and EdU assays were carried out to measure cell proliferation, and cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. ELISA was used for checking the changes in glycolysis-related indicators. Lnc-ABCA12-3 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues and cells, which preferred it to be a candidate target. The TE-1 and EC9706 cells proliferation and glycolysis were obviously inhibited with the downregulation of lnc-ABCA12-3, while apoptosis was promoted. TLR4 activator could largely reverse the apoptosis acceleration and relieved the proliferation and glycolysis suppression caused by lnc-ABCA12-3 downregulation. Moreover, the effect of lnc-ABCA12-3 on ESCC cells was actualized by activating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway under the mediation of exosome. Taken together, the lnc-ABCA12-3 could promote the proliferation and glycolysis of ESCC, while repressing its apoptosis probably by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway under the mediation of exosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China,Correspondence Junliang Ma, E-mail:
| | - Yijun Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zuinyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Lubiao Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410031, China
| | - Yongxiang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohamad Nor N, Ridhuan NS, Abdul Razak K. Progress of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor Based on Nanomaterial-Modified Electrode. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121136. [PMID: 36551103 PMCID: PMC9775494 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the progress of nanomaterial-modified electrodes for enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. Fundamental insights into glucose biosensor components and the crucial factors controlling the electrochemical performance of glucose biosensors are discussed in detail. The metal, metal oxide, and hybrid/composite nanomaterial fabrication strategies for the modification of electrodes, mechanism of detection, and significance of the nanomaterials toward the electrochemical performance of enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors are compared and comprehensively reviewed. This review aims to provide readers with an overview and underlying concept of producing a reliable, stable, cost-effective, and excellent electrochemical performance of a glucose biosensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noorhashimah Mohamad Nor
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Syafinaz Ridhuan
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Khairunisak Abdul Razak
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- NanoBiotechnology Research & Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mohammadpour-Haratbar A, Mohammadpour-Haratbar S, Zare Y, Rhee KY, Park SJ. A Review on Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors of Glucose Using Carbon Nanofiber Nanocomposites. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12111004. [PMID: 36421123 PMCID: PMC9688744 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has become a worldwide epidemic, and it is expected to become the seventh leading cause of death by 2030. In response to the increasing number of diabetes patients worldwide, glucose biosensors with high sensitivity and selectivity have been developed for rapid detection. The selectivity, high sensitivity, simplicity, and quick response of electrochemical biosensors have made them a popular choice in recent years. This review summarizes the recent developments in electrodes for non-enzymatic glucose detection using carbon nanofiber (CNF)-based nanocomposites. The electrochemical performance and limitations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors are reviewed. Then, the recent developments in non-enzymatic glucose biosensors using CNF composites are discussed. The final section of the review provides a summary of the challenges and perspectives, for progress in non-enzymatic glucose biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammadpour-Haratbar
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1949635881, Iran
| | | | - Yasser Zare
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1949635881, Iran
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (K.Y.R.); (S.-J.P.)
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (BK21 Four), College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (K.Y.R.); (S.-J.P.)
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (K.Y.R.); (S.-J.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu X, Li M, Zheng J, Zhang X, Zeng J, Liao Y, Chen J, Yang J, Zheng X, Hu N. Electrochemical Detection of Ascorbic Acid in Finger-Actuated Microfluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1479. [PMID: 36144101 PMCID: PMC9502930 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The traditional quantitative analysis methods of ascorbic acid (AA), which require expensive equipment, a large amount of samples and professional technicians, are usually complex and time-consuming. A low-cost and high-efficiency AA detection device is reported in this work. It integrates a three-electrode sensor module prepared by screen printing technology, and a microfluidic chip with a finger-actuated micropump peeled from the liquid-crystal display (LCD) 3D printing resin molds. The AA detection process on this device is easy to operate. On-chip detection has been demonstrated to be 2.48 times more sensitive than off-chip detection and requires only a microliter-scale sample volume, which is much smaller than that required in traditional electrochemical methods. Experiments show that the sample and buffer can be fully mixed in the microchannel, which is consistent with the numerical simulation results wherein the mixing efficiency is greater than 90%. Commercially available tablets and beverages are also tested, and the result shows the reliability and accuracy of the device, demonstrating its broad application prospects in the field of point-of-care testing (POCT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Mi Li
- Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jiahui Zheng
- Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- School of Smart Health, Chongqing College of Electronic Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Junyi Zeng
- Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yanjian Liao
- Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Inspection of Chongqing Municipal Drug Administration, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim Y, Salim A, Lim S. Millimeter-Wave-Based Spoof Localized Surface Plasmonic Resonator for Sensing Glucose Concentration. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:358. [PMID: 34677314 PMCID: PMC8533816 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-monitoring sensors are necessary and have been extensively studied to prevent and control health problems caused by diabetes. Spoof localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonance sensors have been investigated for chemical sensing and biosensing. A spoof LSP has similar characteristics to an LSP in the microwave or terahertz frequency range but with certain advantages, such as a high-quality factor and improved sensitivity. In general, microwave spoof LSP resonator-based glucose sensors have been studied. In this study, a millimeter-wave-based spoof surface plasmonic resonator sensor is designed to measure glucose concentrations. The millimeter-wave-based sensor has a smaller chip size and higher sensitivity than microwave-frequency sensors. Therefore, the microfluidic channel was designed to be reusable and able to operate with a small sample volume. For alignment, a polydimethylsiloxane channel was simultaneously fabricated using a multilayer bonding film to attach the upper side of the pattern, which is concentrated in the electromagnetic field. This real-time sensor detects the glucose concentration via changes in the S11 parameter and operates at 28 GHz with an average sensitivity of 0.015669 dB/(mg/dL) within the 0-300 mg/dL range. The minimum detectable concentration and the distinguishable signal are 1 mg/dL and 0.015669 dB, respectively, from a 3.4 μL sample. The reusability and reproducibility were assessed through replicates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sungjoon Lim
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|