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Tsounidi D, Tsaousis V, Xenos N, Kroupis C, Moutsatsou P, Christianidis V, Goustouridis D, Raptis I, Kakabakos S, Petrou P. Simultaneous determination of procalcitonin and interleukin-6 in human serum samples with a point-of-care biosensing device. Talanta 2023; 258:124403. [PMID: 36889192 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of two inflammatory diseases biomarkers, namely procalcitonin (PCT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in human serum samples employing a Point-of-Care device based on Multi Area Reflectance Spectroscopy is presented. Dual-analyte detection was achieved using silicon chips with two silicon dioxide areas of different thickness, one functionalized with an antibody specific for PCT and the other with an antibody specific for IL-6. The assay included reaction of immobilized capture antibodies with mixtures of PCT and IL-6 calibrators with the biotinylated detection antibodies, streptavidin and biotinylated-BSA. The reader provided for the automated execution of the assay procedure, as well as for the collection and processing of the reflected light spectrum, the shift of which is correlated to analytes concentration in the sample. The assay was completed in 35 min and the detection limits for PCT and IL-6 were 2.0 and 0.01 ng/mL respectively. The dual-analyte assay was characterized by high reproducibility (the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were less than 10% for both analytes) and accuracy (the percent recovery values ranged from 80 to 113% for both analytes). Moreover, the values determined for the two analytes in human serum samples with the assay developed were in good agreement with the values determined for the same samples by clinical laboratory methods. These results support the potential of the proposed biosensing device application for inflammatory biomarkers determination at the Point-of-Need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Tsounidi
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341, Aghia, Paraskevi, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Xenos
- Clinical Biochemistry & Molecular Diagnostics Lab, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462, Chaidari, Greece
| | - Christos Kroupis
- Clinical Biochemistry & Molecular Diagnostics Lab, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462, Chaidari, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- Clinical Biochemistry & Molecular Diagnostics Lab, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462, Chaidari, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Goustouridis
- ThetaMetrisis, S.A., 12132, Athens, Greece; Department of Electrical & Electronics Eng., University of West Attica, 12244, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Raptis
- ThetaMetrisis, S.A., 12132, Athens, Greece; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341, Aghia, Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Sotirios Kakabakos
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341, Aghia, Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341, Aghia, Paraskevi, Greece.
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Bonini A, Carota AG, Poma N, Vivaldi FM, Biagini D, Bottai D, Lenzi A, Tavanti A, Di Francesco F, Lomonaco T. Emerging Biosensing Technologies towards Early Sepsis Diagnosis and Management. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:894. [PMID: 36291031 PMCID: PMC9599348 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory dysfunction strictly associated with infectious diseases, which represents an important health issue whose incidence is continuously increasing worldwide. Nowadays, sepsis is considered as one of the main causes of death that mainly affects critically ill patients in clinical settings, with a higher prevalence in low-income countries. Currently, sepsis management still represents an important challenge, since the use of traditional techniques for the diagnosis does not provide a rapid response, which is crucial for an effective infection management. Biosensing systems represent a valid alternative due to their characteristics such as low cost, portability, low response time, ease of use and suitability for point of care/need applications. This review provides an overview of the infectious agents associated with the development of sepsis and the host biomarkers suitable for diagnosis and prognosis. Special focus is given to the new emerging biosensing technologies using electrochemical and optical transduction techniques for sepsis diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35-39, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Gilda Carota
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Noemi Poma
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35-39, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Maria Vivaldi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Denise Biagini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daria Bottai
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35-39, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Lenzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Tavanti
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35-39, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Karachaliou CE, Koukouvinos G, Zisis G, Kizis D, Krystalli E, Siragakis G, Goustouridis D, Kakabakos S, Petrou P, Livaniou E, Raptis I. Fast and Accurate Determination of Minute Ochratoxin A Levels in Cereal Flours and Wine with the Label-Free White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy Biosensing Platform. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:877. [PMID: 36291014 PMCID: PMC9599867 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most toxic naturally encountered contaminants and is found in a variety of foods and beverages, including cereals and wine. Driven by the strict regulations regarding the maximum allowable OTA concentration in foodstuff and the necessity for on-site determination, the development of fast and sensitive methods for the OTA determination in cereal flours and wine samples, based on white light reflectance spectroscopy, is presented. The method relied on appropriately engineered silicon chips, on top of which an OTA-protein conjugate was immobilized. A polyclonal antibody against OTA was then employed to detect the analyte in the framework of a competitive immunoassay; followed by the subsequent addition of a biotinylated secondary antibody and streptavidin for signal enhancement. A small size instrument performed all assay steps automatically and the bioreactions were monitored in real time as the software converted the spectral shifts into effective biomolecular adlayer thickness increase. The assay developed had a detection limit of 0.03 ng/mL and a working range up to 200 ng/mL. The assay lasted 25 min (less than 1h, including calibrators/antibody pre-incubation) and was accomplished following a simple sample preparation protocol. The method was applied to corn and wheat flour samples and white and red wines with recovery values ranging from 87.2 to 111%. The simplicity of the overall assay protocol and convenient instrumentation demonstrates the potential of the immunosensor developed for OTA detection at the point of need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Immunopeptide Chemistry Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Georgios Koukouvinos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Grigoris Zisis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece or
| | - Dimosthenis Kizis
- Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 14561 Kifissia, Greece
| | | | - George Siragakis
- Tuv Austria Food Allergens Labs Ltd., Kalopsidas 38, 7060 Livadia, Cyprus
| | | | - Sotirios Kakabakos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Immunopeptide Chemistry Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Ioannis Raptis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece or
- ThetaMetrisis S.A., Christou Lada 40, 12132 Athens, Greece
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Pohanka M. Diagnoses Based on C-Reactive Protein Point-of-Care Tests. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050344. [PMID: 35624645 PMCID: PMC9138282 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an important part of the immune system's reaction to various pathological impulses such as bacterial infections, systemic inflammation, and internal organ failures. An increased CRP level serves to diagnose the mentioned pathological states. Both standard laboratory methods and simple point-of-care devices such as lateral flow tests and immunoturbidimetric assays serve for the instrumental diagnoses based on CRP. The current method for CRP has many flaws and limitations in its use. Biosensor and bioassay analytical devices are presently researched by many teams to provide more sensitive and better-suited tools for point-of-care tests of CRP in biological samples when compared to the standard methods. This review article is focused on mapping the diagnostical relevance of CRP, the applicability of the current analytical methods, and the recent innovations in the measurement of CRP level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, CZ-50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Shiro C, Nishikawa H, Kong X, Tomiyama H, Yamashita S. Minimization of MEDA Biochip-Size in Droplet Routing. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050277. [PMID: 35624578 PMCID: PMC9138771 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for fast, accurate, and reliable biological sensor systems, miniaturized systems have been aimed at droplet-based sensor systems and have been promising. A micro-electrode dot array (MEDA) biochip, which is one kind of the miniaturized systems for biochemical protocols such as dispensing, dilutions, mixing, and so on, has become widespread due to enabling dynamical control of the droplets in microfluidic manipulations. In MEDA biochips, the electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) technique stands out since it can actuate droplets with nano/picoliter volumes. Microelectrode cells on MEDA actuate multiple droplets simultaneously to route locations for the purpose of the biochemical operations. Taking advantage of the feature, droplets are often routed in parallel to achieve high-throughput outcomes. Regarding parallel manipulation of multiple droplets, however, the droplets are known to be initially placed at a distant position to avoid undesirable mixing. The droplets thus result in traveling a long way for a manipulation, and the required biochip size for routing is also enlarged. This paper proposes a routing method for droplets to reduce the biochip size on a MEDA biochip with the allowance of splitting during routing operations. We mathematically derive the routing problem, and the experiments demonstrate that our proposal can significantly reduce the biochip size by 70.8% on average, compared to the state-of-the-art method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Shiro
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (C.S.); (H.N.); (X.K.)
| | - Hiroki Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (C.S.); (H.N.); (X.K.)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellow, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Xiangbo Kong
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (C.S.); (H.N.); (X.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Tomiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (C.S.); (H.N.); (X.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-77-561-5013
| | - Shigeru Yamashita
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
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Lin SW, Shen CF, Liu CC, Cheng CM. A Paper-Based IL-6 Test Strip Coupled With a Spectrum-Based Optical Reader for Differentiating Influenza Severity in Children. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:752681. [PMID: 34692664 PMCID: PMC8527092 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.752681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a major worldwide public health problem. Influenza virus infections are associated with a high hospitalization rate in children between the ages of 5 and 14. The predominant reason for poor influenza prognosis is the lack of any effective means for early diagnosis. Early diagnosis of severe illness is critical to improving patient outcome, and could be especially useful in areas with limited medical resources. Accurate, inexpensive, and easy-to-use diagnostic tools could improve early diagnosis and patient outcome, and reduce overall healthcare costs. We developed an interleukin-6 paper-based test strip that used colloidal gold-conjugated antibodies to detect human interleukin-6 protein. These complexes were captured on a paper-based test strip patterned with perpendicular T lines that were pre-coated with anti-human interleukin-6 antibodies. Applied serum samples interacted with these antibodies and presented as colored bands that could be read using a spectrum-based optical reader. The full-spectrum of the reflected light interleukin-6 protein signal could be obtained from the spectral optics module, and the standard could be used to quantitatively analyze interleukin 6 level in serum. We retrospectively evaluated 10 children (23 serum samples) with severe influenza virus infections, 26 children (26 serum samples) with mild influenza virus infections, and 10 healthy children (10 serum samples). Our system, the combined use of a paper-based test strip and a spectrum-based optical reader, provided both qualitative and quantitative information. When used with the optical reader, the detection limit was improved from a qualitative, naked-eye level of 400 pg/ml to a quantitative, optical reader level of 76.85 pg/ml. After monitoring serum interleukin-6 level via our system, we found a high correlation between our system results and those obtainable using a conventional sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method (Rho = 0.706, p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity for differentiating between severe and mild influenza using our combined method (test strip coupled with optical reader) were 78.3 and 50.0%, respectively. When interleukin-6 was combined with serum C-reaction protein, the sensitivity and specificity were 85.7 and 95.5%, and the receiver operating characteristic area-under-the-curve was quite high (AUC = 0.911, p < 0.001). The potential advantages of our system, i.e., a paper-based test strip coupled with a spectrum-based optical reader, are as follows: 1) simple user operation; 2) rapid turnaround times–within 20 min; 3) high detection performance; and, 4) low-cost fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fen Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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