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Rai P, Hoba SN, Buchmann C, Subirana-Slotos RJ, Kersten C, Schirmeister T, Endres K, Bufe B, Tarasov A. Protease detection in the biosensor era: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 244:115788. [PMID: 37952320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Proteases have been proposed as potential biomarkers for several pathological conditions including cancers, multiple sclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, due to their ability to break down the components of extracellular matrix and basement membrane. The development of protease biosensors opened up the possibility to investigate the proteolytic activity of dysregulated proteases with higher efficiency over the traditional detection assays due to their quick detection capability, high sensitivity and selectivity, simple instrumentation and cost-effective fabrication processes. In contrast to the recently published review papers that primarily focused on one specific class of proteases or one specific detection method, this review article presents different optical and electrochemical detection methods that can be used to design biosensors for all major protease families. The benefits and drawbacks of various transducer techniques integrated into protease biosensing platforms are analyzed and compared. The main focus is on activity-based biosensors that use peptides as biorecognition elements. The effects of nanomaterials on biosensor performance are also discussed. This review should help readers to select the biosensor that best fits their needs, and contribute to the further development of this research field. Protease biosensors may allow better comprehension of protease overexperession and potentially enable novel devices for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratika Rai
- Faculty of Computer Sciences and Microsystems Technology, Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences, Amerikastr.1, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Sabrina N Hoba
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Celine Buchmann
- Faculty of Computer Sciences and Microsystems Technology, Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences, Amerikastr.1, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Robert J Subirana-Slotos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Kersten
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Bufe
- Faculty of Computer Sciences and Microsystems Technology, Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences, Amerikastr.1, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Alexey Tarasov
- Faculty of Computer Sciences and Microsystems Technology, Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences, Amerikastr.1, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany.
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Ma X, Lv Y, Liu P, Hao Y, Xia N. Switch-on Fluorescence Analysis of Protease Activity with the Assistance of a Nickel Ion-Nitrilotriacetic Acid-Conjugated Magnetic Nanoparticle. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083426. [PMID: 37110659 PMCID: PMC10144723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous protease biosensors show high sensitivity and selectivity but usually require the immobilization of peptide substrates on a solid interface. Such methods exhibit the disadvantages of complex immobilization steps and low enzymatic efficiency induced by steric hindrance. In this work, we proposed an immobilization-free strategy for protease detection with high simplicity, sensitivity and selectivity. Specifically, a single-labeled peptide with oligohistidine-tag (His-tag) was designed as the protease substrate, which can be captured by a nickel ion-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA)-conjugated magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) through the coordination interaction between His-tag and Ni-NTA. When the peptide was digested by protease in a homogeneous solution, the signal-labeled segment was released from the substrate. The unreacted peptide substrates could be removed by Ni-NTA-MNP, and the released segments remained in solution to emit strong fluorescence. The method was used to determine protease of caspase-3 with a low detection limit (4 pg/mL). By changing the peptide sequence and signal reporters, the proposal could be used to develop novel homogeneous biosensors for the detection of other proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Yingxin Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Panpan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yuanqiang Hao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
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Feng Y, Liu G, Zhang F, Liu J, La M, Xia N. A General, Label-Free and Homogeneous Electrochemical Strategy for Probing of Protease Activity and Screening of Inhibitor. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:803. [PMID: 35630268 PMCID: PMC9148143 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteases play a critical role in regulating various physiological processes from protein digestion to wound healing. Monitoring the activity of proteases and screening their inhibitors as potential drug molecules are of great importance for the early diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. In this work, we reported a general, label-free and homogeneous electrochemical method for monitoring protease activity based on the peptide-copper interaction. Cleavage of peptide substrate results in the generation of a copper-binding chelator peptide with a histidine residue in the first or third position (His1 or His3) at the N-terminal. The redox potential and current of copper coordinated with the product are different from the free copper or the copper complex with the substrate, thus allowing for the detection of protease activity. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and thrombin were determined as the model analytes. The label-free and homogeneous electrochemical method can be used for screening protease inhibitors with high simplicity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China;
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (F.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (F.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianwen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (F.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Ming La
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China;
| | - Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (F.Z.); (J.L.)
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Zhang Q, Liu G, Ou L. Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and Its Inhibitor Ebselen. INT J ELECTROCHEM SC 2022; 17:220421. [PMID: 37359208 PMCID: PMC10276345 DOI: 10.20964/2022.04.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
This work reported an electrochemical method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 major protease (Mpro). Specifically, ferrocene (Fc)-labeled peptide substrates were immobilized on the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-modified electrode. Cleavage of the peptides by Mpro led to the release of Fc tags and the decrease of the electrochemical signals. The analytical performance of the biosensor for analysis of Mpro was investigated. Inhibiting the activity of Mpro prevented the cleavage of the peptide substrates. The method was successfully used to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of a well-known inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Zhang
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Yongzhou Vocational Technical College, Yongzhou 425100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingbin Ou
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Yongzhou Vocational Technical College, Yongzhou 425100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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