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Wang YK, Shi BW, Zhao JM, Wang YX, Jiang YF, Yang GL, Gao XD, Qiang T. Highly Sensitive and Linear Resonator-Based Biosensor for White Blood Cell Counting: Feasible Measurement Method and Intrinsic Mechanism Exploration. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:180. [PMID: 38667173 PMCID: PMC11048127 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Since different quantities of white blood cells (WBCs) in solution possess an adaptive osmotic pressure of cells, the WBCs themselves and in solution have similar concentrations, resulting in them having similar dielectric properties. Therefore, a microwave sensor could have difficulty in sensing the quantity variation when WBCs are in solution. This paper presents a highly sensitive, linear permittivity-inspired microwave biosensor for WBCs, counting through the evaporation method. Such a measurement method is proposed to record measurements after the cell solution is dripped onto the chip and is completely evaporated naturally. The proposed biosensor consists of an air-bridged asymmetric differential inductor and a centrally located circular fork-finger capacitor fabricated on a GaAs substrate using integrated passive fabrication technology. It is optimized to feature a larger sensitive area and improved Q-factor, which increases the effective area of interaction between cells and the electromagnetic field and facilitates the detection of their changes in number. The sensing relies on the dielectric properties of the cells and the change in the dielectric constant for different concentrations, and the change in resonance properties, which mainly represents the frequency shift, corresponds to the macroscopic change in the concentration of the cells. The microwave biosensors are used to measure biological samples with concentrations ranging from 0.25 × 106 to 8 × 106 cells per mL in a temperature (26.00 ± 0.40 °C) and humidity (54.40 ± 3.90 RH%) environment. The measurement results show a high sensitivity of 25.06 Hz/cells·mL-1 with a highly linear response of r2 = 0.99748. In addition, a mathematical modeling of individual cells in suspension is performed to estimate the dielectric constant of individual cells and further explain the working mechanism of the proposed microwave biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ke Wang
- School of Internet of Things Engineering, Institute of Advanced Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-K.W.); (B.-W.S.); (J.-M.Z.); (Y.-X.W.); (Y.-F.J.)
| | - Bo-Wen Shi
- School of Internet of Things Engineering, Institute of Advanced Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-K.W.); (B.-W.S.); (J.-M.Z.); (Y.-X.W.); (Y.-F.J.)
| | - Jun-Ming Zhao
- School of Internet of Things Engineering, Institute of Advanced Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-K.W.); (B.-W.S.); (J.-M.Z.); (Y.-X.W.); (Y.-F.J.)
| | - Yan-Xiong Wang
- School of Internet of Things Engineering, Institute of Advanced Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-K.W.); (B.-W.S.); (J.-M.Z.); (Y.-X.W.); (Y.-F.J.)
| | - Yan-Feng Jiang
- School of Internet of Things Engineering, Institute of Advanced Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-K.W.); (B.-W.S.); (J.-M.Z.); (Y.-X.W.); (Y.-F.J.)
| | - Gang-Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- School of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tian Qiang
- School of Internet of Things Engineering, Institute of Advanced Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-K.W.); (B.-W.S.); (J.-M.Z.); (Y.-X.W.); (Y.-F.J.)
- School of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Tang S, Zou M, Zhao C, Jiang Y, Chen R, Xu Z, Yang C, Wang X, Dong B, Wang Y, Liao C, Xu G. Fabry-Perot Interferometer Based on a Fiber-Tip Fixed-Supported Bridge for Fast Glucose Concentration Measurement. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12060391. [PMID: 35735540 PMCID: PMC9221283 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood glucose concentration is important for metabolic homeostasis in humans and animals. Many diabetic patients need to detect blood glucose daily which burdens community hospitals and family healthcare. Optical fiber sensors are widely used in biomedical detection because of their compact structure, fast response, high sensitivity, low cost, and ease of operation. In this work, we constructed a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity biosensor for the fast detection of glucose concentration in serum. The femtosecond laser micromachining was applied to fabricate the FP cavity by printing the fiber-tip fixed-supported bridge at the end face of the optical fiber. An additional hemisphere was printed at the center of the outer surface of the bridge to avoid multi-beam interference. The results demonstrated that the proposed biosensor had high refractive index (RI) detection sensitivity, roughly 1039 nm/RIU at a wavelength of 1590 nm, and the detection sensitivity for glucose was around 0.185 nm/ (mg/mL) at a wavelength of 1590 nm. Due to its high sensitivity, compact structure, and fast response, the FP cavity biosensor has great potential to be applied in family healthcare for glucose concentration detection of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.T.); (Y.J.); (R.C.); (Z.X.); (C.Y.)
| | - Mengqiang Zou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yihang Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.T.); (Y.J.); (R.C.); (Z.X.); (C.Y.)
| | - Ribao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.T.); (Y.J.); (R.C.); (Z.X.); (C.Y.)
| | - Zhourui Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.T.); (Y.J.); (R.C.); (Z.X.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chengbin Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.T.); (Y.J.); (R.C.); (Z.X.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Biqin Dong
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, The Key Laboratory on Durability of Civil Engineering in Shenzhen, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Yiping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Changrui Liao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.T.); (Y.J.); (R.C.); (Z.X.); (C.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (G.X.)
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Xue Y, Thalmayer AS, Zeising S, Fischer G, Lübke M. Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring-A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:425. [PMID: 35062385 PMCID: PMC8780031 DOI: 10.3390/s22020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georg Fischer
- Institute for Electronics Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (Y.X.); (A.S.T.); (S.Z.)
| | - Maximilian Lübke
- Institute for Electronics Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (Y.X.); (A.S.T.); (S.Z.)
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