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Bian S, Shang M, Tao Y, Wang P, Xu Y, Wang Y, Shen Z, Sawan M. Dynamic Profiling and Prediction of Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Booster-Inactivated Vaccines by Microsample-Driven Biosensor and Machine Learning. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:352. [PMID: 38675735 PMCID: PMC11054503 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the antibody response to the third dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is crucial because it is the subject of one of the largest global vaccination programs. This study integrated microsampling with optical biosensors to profile neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in fifteen vaccinated healthy donors, followed by the application of machine learning to predict antibody response at given timepoints. Over a nine-month duration, microsampling and venipuncture were conducted at seven individual timepoints. A refined iteration of a fiber optic biolayer interferometry (FO-BLI) biosensor was designed, enabling rapid multiplexed biosensing of the NAbs of both wild-type and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants in minutes. Findings revealed a strong correlation (Pearson r of 0.919, specificity of 100%) between wild-type variant NAb levels in microsamples and sera. Following the third dose, sera NAb levels of the wild-type variant increased 2.9-fold after seven days and 3.3-fold within a month, subsequently waning and becoming undetectable after three months. Considerable but incomplete evasion of the latest Omicron subvariants from booster vaccine-elicited NAbs was confirmed, although a higher number of binding antibodies (BAbs) was identified by another rapid FO-BLI biosensor in minutes. Significantly, FO-BLI highly correlated with a pseudovirus neutralization assay in identifying neutralizing capacities (Pearson r of 0.983). Additionally, machine learning demonstrated exceptional accuracy in predicting antibody levels, with an error level of <5% for both NAbs and BAbs across multiple timepoints. Microsample-driven biosensing enables individuals to access their results within hours of self-collection, while precise models could guide personalized vaccination strategies. The technology's innate adaptability means it has the potential for effective translation in disease prevention and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Bian
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.B.)
| | - Min Shang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Tao
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.B.)
| | - Pengbo Wang
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.B.)
| | - Yankun Xu
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.B.)
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhida Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mahamad Sawan
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.B.)
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Kilgour KM, Turner BL, Daniele M, Menegatti S. One-Step Quantification of anti-Covid-19 Antibodies via Dual Affinity Ratiometric Quenching Assays. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37368953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people and paralyzed healthcare systems worldwide. Developing rapid and accurate tests to detect and quantify anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in complex fluids is critical to (i) track and address the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants with different virulence and (ii) support the industrial manufacturing and clinical administration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic antibodies. Conventional immunoassays, such as lateral flow, ELISA, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), are either qualitative or, when quantitative, are laborious and expensive and suffer from high variability. Responding to these challenges, this study evaluates the performance of the Dual-Affinity Ratiometric Quenching (DARQ) assay for the quantification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in bioprocess harvests and intermediate fractions (i.e., a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture supernatant and a purified eluate) and human fluids (i.e., saliva and plasma). Monoclonal antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid as well as the spike protein of the delta and omicron variants are adopted as model analytes. Additionally, conjugate pads loaded with dried protein were studied as an at-line quantification method that can be used in clinical or manufacturing laboratories. Our results indicate that the DARQ assay is a highly reproducible (coefficient of variation ∼0.5-3%) and rapid (<10 min) test, whose sensitivity (∼0.23-2.5 ng/mL), limit of detection (23-250 ng/mL), and dynamic range (70-1300 ng/mL) are independent of sample complexity, thus representing a valuable tool for monitoring anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Kilgour
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Brendan L Turner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), 850 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Through the looking-glass - Recent developments in reflectometry open new possibilities for biosensor applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rapid Optical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins in Artificial Samples. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103768. [PMID: 35632177 PMCID: PMC9146222 DOI: 10.3390/s22103768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tests for SARS-CoV-2 are crucial for the mass surveillance of the incidence of infection. The long waiting time for classic nucleic acid test results highlights the importance of developing alternative rapid biosensing methods. Herein, we propose a fiber-optic biolayer interferometry-based biosensor (FO-BLI) to detect SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, extracellular domain (ECD), and receptor-binding domain (RBD) in artificial samples in 13 min. The FO-BLI biosensor utilized an antibody pair to capture and detect the spike proteins. The secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reacted with the enzyme substrate for signal amplification. Two types of substrates, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and an advanced 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole (i.e., AMEC), were applied to evaluate their capabilities in enhancing signals and reaching high sensitivity. After careful comparison, the AMEC-based FO-BLI biosensor showed better assay performance, which detected ECD at a concentration of 32-720 pM and RBD of 12.5-400 pM in artificial saliva and serum, respectively. The limit of detection (LoD) for SARS-CoV-2 ECD and RBD was defined to be 36 pM and 12.5 pM, respectively. Morphology of the metal precipitates generated by the AMEC-HRP reaction in the fiber tips was observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Collectively, the developed FO-BLI biosensor has the potential to rapidly detect SARS-CoV-2 antigens and provide guidance for "sample-collect and result-out on-site" mode.
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