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Janfaza S, Radha Shanmugam N, Jolly P, Kovur P, Singh U, Mackay S, Wishart D, Ingber DE. Redox-Modified Nanostructured Electrochemical Surfaces for Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Complex Biological Fluids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:796. [PMID: 38727390 PMCID: PMC11085330 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring is valuable for people with diabetes but faces limitations due to enzyme-electrode interactions and biofouling from biological samples that reduce sensor sensitivity and the monitoring performance. We created an enzyme-based electrochemical system with a unique nanocomposite coating that incorporates the redox molecule, aminoferrocene (NH2-Fc). This coating enhances stability via electroactivity and reduces nonspecific binding, as demonstrated through cyclic voltammetry. Our approach enables real-time glucose detection via chronoamperometry with a calculated linear range of 0.5 to 20 mM and a 1 mM detection limit. Validated with plasma and saliva, this platform shows promise for robust metabolite detection in clinical and research contexts. This versatile platform can be applied to accurately monitor a wide range of metabolites in various biological matrices, improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Janfaza
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA (N.R.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Nandhinee Radha Shanmugam
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA (N.R.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Pawan Jolly
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA (N.R.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Prashanthi Kovur
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada; (P.K.); (U.S.); (S.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Upasana Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada; (P.K.); (U.S.); (S.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Scott Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada; (P.K.); (U.S.); (S.M.); (D.W.)
| | - David Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada; (P.K.); (U.S.); (S.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA (N.R.S.); (P.J.)
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Dudkaitė V, Kairys V, Bagdžiūnas G. Understanding the activity of glucose oxidase after exposure to organic solvents. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:2409-2416. [PMID: 36806466 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02605h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Long-term stability of enzymes in organic solvents is one of the most challenging problems in modern biotechnology and chemical industries. However, the resistance of enzymes to organic solvents is not very well understood so far. Herein, the effects of apolar, chlorinated, and polar organic solvents on the activity and structure of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger were systemically investigated using spectrophotometric activity assay of this enzyme and absorption and chiroptical spectroscopy. Molecular dynamics simulations and correlation of the activity with properties of the organic solvents were employed to understand the effects of organic solvents on the enzyme. The experimental and theoretical results showed that apolar solvents reduce the enzyme activity because they facilitate its aggregation through inter-enzymatic salt bridges. Moreover, polar solvents strongly coordinate with amino acid residues in the glucose binding pocket and prevent binding of the substrates. We found that this enzyme is stable in pure apolar and chlorinated solvents and these solvents can be used for the functionalization of its residues. This work provides an in depth understanding at the molecular level of the impact of various pure organic solvents on the structure and dynamics of glucose oxidase and the regulation of its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vygailė Dudkaitė
- Group of Supramolecular Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gintautas Bagdžiūnas
- Group of Supramolecular Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Bagdžiūnas G. Electrochemistry and Spectroscopy-Based Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:9. [PMID: 36671843 PMCID: PMC9855770 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the development of low-cost detection and analysis methods of bioanalytes as well as infection biomarkers became an increasingly important challenge in order to improve public and personal health [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintautas Bagdžiūnas
- Group of Supramolecular Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Mohamad Nor N, Ridhuan NS, Abdul Razak K. Progress of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor Based on Nanomaterial-Modified Electrode. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121136. [PMID: 36551103 PMCID: PMC9775494 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the progress of nanomaterial-modified electrodes for enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. Fundamental insights into glucose biosensor components and the crucial factors controlling the electrochemical performance of glucose biosensors are discussed in detail. The metal, metal oxide, and hybrid/composite nanomaterial fabrication strategies for the modification of electrodes, mechanism of detection, and significance of the nanomaterials toward the electrochemical performance of enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors are compared and comprehensively reviewed. This review aims to provide readers with an overview and underlying concept of producing a reliable, stable, cost-effective, and excellent electrochemical performance of a glucose biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorhashimah Mohamad Nor
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Syafinaz Ridhuan
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Khairunisak Abdul Razak
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- NanoBiotechnology Research & Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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