In Search of a Feedback Signal for Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation: Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Reveals Altered Glutamate Dynamics in the Globus Pallidus in Anesthetized, 6-Hydroxydopamine-Treated Rats

Shielded Cone Coil Array for Non-Invasive Deep Brain Magnetic Stimulation

Non-invasive deep brain stimulation using transcranial magnetic stimulation is a promising technique for treating several neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. However, the currently used coils do not demonstrate the required stimulation performance in deep regions of the brain, such as the hippocampus, due to the rapid decay of the field inside the head. This study proposes an array that uses the cone coil method for deep stimulation. This study investigates the impact of magnetic core and shielding on field strength, focality, decay rate, and safety. The coil's size and shape effects on the electric field distribution in deep brain areas are also examined. The finite element method is used to calculate the induced electric field in a realistic human head model. The simulation results indicate that the magnetic core and shielding increase the electric field intensity and enhance focality but do not improve the field decay rate. However, the decay rate can be reduced by increasing the coil size at the expense of focality. By adopting an optimum cone structure, the proposed five-coil array reduces the electric field attenuation rate to reach the stimulation threshold in deep regions while keeping all other regions within safety limits. In vitro and in vivo experimental results using a head phantom and a dead pig's head validate the simulated results and confirm that the proposed design is a reliable and efficient candidate for non-invasive deep brain magnetic stimulation.