Recent Advances in Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Platform for Virus Detection: A Review

Role and significance of virus-bacteria interactions in disease progression

Understanding disease pathogenesis caused by bacteria/virus, from the perspective of individual pathogen has provided meaningful insights. However, as viral and bacterial counterparts might inhabit the same infection site, it becomes crucial to consider their interactions and contributions in disease onset and progression. The objective of the review is to highlight the importance of considering both viral and bacterial agents during the course of coinfection. The review provides a unique perspective on the general theme of virus-bacteria interactions, which either lead to colocalized infections that are restricted to one anatomical niche, or systemic infections that have a systemic effect on the human host. The sequence, nature, and underlying mechanisms of certain virus-bacteria interactions have been elaborated with relevant examples from literature. It also attempts to address the various applied aspects, including diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for individual infections as well as virus-bacteria coinfections. The review aims to aid researchers in comprehending the intricate interplay between virus and bacteria in disease progression, thereby enhancing understanding of current methodologies and empowering the development of novel health care strategies to tackle coinfections.

Rapid detection of goose megrivirus using TaqMan real-time PCR technology

The aim of this study was to develop an efficient and accurate platform for the detection of the newly identified goose megrivirus (GoMV). To achieve this goal, we developed a TaqMan real-time PCR technology for the rapid detection and identification of GoMV. Our data showed that the established TaqMan real-time PCR assay had high sensitivity, with the lowest detection limit of 67.3 copies/μL. No positive signal can be observed from other goose origin viruses (including AIV, GPV, GoCV, GHPyV, and GoAstV), with strong specificity. The coefficients of variation of repeated intragroup and intergroup tests were all less than 1.5%, with excellent repeatability. Clinical sample investigation data from domestic Minbei White geese firstly provided evidence that GoMV can be transmitted both horizontally and vertically. In conclusion, since the TaqMan real-time PCR method has high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, it can be a useful candidate tool for GoMV epidemiological investigation.

Isothermal amplification-based microfluidic devices for detecting foodborne pathogens: a review

The gold standard for nucleic acid amplification-based diagnosis is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR recognizes the targets such as foodborne pathogens by amplifying their specific genes. The integration of nucleic acid amplification-based assays on microfluidic platforms represents a highly promising solution for convenient, cheap, and effective control of foodborne pathogens. However, the application of the PCR is limited to on-site detection because the method requires sophisticated equipment for temperature control, which makes it complicated for microfluidic integration. Alternatively, isothermal amplification methods are promising tools for integrating microfluidic platforms for on-site detection of foodborne pathogens. This review summarized advances in isothermal amplification-based microfluidic devices for detecting foodborne pathogens. Different nucleic acid extraction approaches and the integration of these approaches in microfluidic platforms were first reviewed. Microfluidic platforms integrated with three common isothermal amplification methods including loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, and recombinase-aided amplification were then described and discussed.

Shifting the paradigm in RNA virus detection: integrating nucleic acid testing and immunoassays through single-molecule digital ELISA

In this review article, we explore the characteristics of RNA viruses and their potential threats to humanity. We also provide a brief overview of the primary contemporary techniques used for the early detection of such viruses. After thoroughly analyzing the strengths and limitations of these methods, we highlight the importance of integrating nucleic acid testing with immunological assays in RNA virus detection. Although notable methodological differences between nucleic acid testing and immune assays pose challenges, the emerging single-molecule immunoassay-digital ELISA may be applied to technically integrate these techniques. We emphasize that the greatest value of digital ELISA is its extensive compatibility, which creates numerous opportunities for real-time, large-scale testing of RNA viruses. Furthermore, we describe the possible developmental trends of digital ELISA in various aspects, such as reaction carriers, identification elements, signal amplification, and data reading, thus revealing the remarkable potential of single-molecule digital ELISA in future RNA virus detection.