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Fernandes J, Karra N, Swindle EJ, Morgan H. Droplet fluidics for time-dependent analysis of barrier permeability in an epithelial barrier on chip system. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14494-14500. [PMID: 37179995 PMCID: PMC10173818 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00470h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A droplet generator has been developed that interfaces with a barrier-on-chip platform for temporal analyte compartmentalisation and analysis. Droplets are generated every 20 minutes in 8 separate parallel microchannels, with an average droplet volume of 9.47 ± 0.6 μL, allowing simultaneous analysis of 8 different experiments. The device was tested using an epithelial barrier model by monitoring the diffusion of a fluorescent high molecular weight dextran molecule. The epithelial barrier was perturbed using detergent leading to a peak at 3-4 hours, correlating with simulations. For the untreated (control) a constant, very low level of dextran diffusion was observed. The epithelial cell barrier properties were also continuously measured using electrical impedance spectroscopy to extract an equivalent trans epithelial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Fernandes
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton UK
| | - Nikita Karra
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton UK
| | - Emily J Swindle
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton UK
| | - Hywel Morgan
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton UK
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Wang H, Xiao P, Sang S, Chen H, Dong X, Ge Y, Guo X, Zhao D. Multilayer Heterogeneous Membrane Biosensor Based on Multiphysical Field Coupling for Human Serum Albumin Detection. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3423-3428. [PMID: 36713688 PMCID: PMC9878636 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A factor closely associated with renal disease status in clinical diagnosis is abnormal human serum albumin (HSA) concentration levels in human body fluids urine, serum, etc. The surface stress biosensor was developed as a new type of biosensor to detect protein molecule concentration and has a wide range of clinical applications. However, further sensitivity improvement is required to achieve higher detection performance. Herein, MXene/PDMS/Fe3O4/PDMS of the multilayer heterogeneous membrane biosensor (MHBios) based on the coupling of the magnetic field, electric field, and surface stress field was successfully developed to achieve high sensitivity HSA detection through magnetic sensitization. The modified antibody specifically binds to HSA at the AuNP layer, allowing the biosensor to convert the surface stress caused by PDMS film deformation into an electrical signal. When the biosensor was exposed to a uniform magnetic field, the conductive path of the conductive layer was reshaped further as the magnetic force amplified the deformation of the PDMS film, enhancing the conversion of biological signals to electrical signals. The results exhibited that the detection limit (LOD) of the MHBios was 78 ng/mL when HSA concentration was 0-50 μg/mL, which was markedly lower than the minimum diagnostic limit of microalbuminuria. Furthermore, the MHBios detected HSA in actual samples, confirming the potential for early disease screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wang
- Shanxi
Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence
Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Pengli Xiao
- Shanxi
Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence
Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shengbo Sang
- Shanxi
Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence
Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Honglie Chen
- Shanxi
Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence
Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | | | - Yang Ge
- Shanxi
Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence
Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Shanxi
Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence
Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Shanxi
Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence
Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Mușuroi C, Oproiu M, Volmer M, Firastrau I. High Sensitivity Differential Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Based Sensor for Non-Contacting DC/AC Current Measurement. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20010323. [PMID: 31935959 PMCID: PMC6982712 DOI: 10.3390/s20010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the design and implementation of a high sensitivity giant magnetoresistance (GMR) based current sensor with a broad range of applications. The novelty of our approach consists in using a double differential measurement system, based on commercial GMR sensors, with an adjustable biasing system used to linearize the field response of the system. The work aims to act as a fully-operational proof of concept application, with an emphasis on the mode of operation and methods to improve the sensitivity and linearity of the measurement system. The implemented system has a broad current measurement range from as low as 75 mA in DC and 150 mA in AC up to 4 A by using a single setup. The sensor system is also very low power, consuming only 6.4 mW. Due to the way the sensors are polarized and positioned above the U-shaped conductive band through which the current to be measured is flowing, the differential setup offers a sensitivity of about between 0.0272 to 0.0307 V/A (signal from sensors with no amplifications), a high immunity to external magnetic fields, low hysteresis effects of 40 mA, and a temperature drift of the offset of about −2.59 × 10−4 A/°C. The system provides a high flexibility in designing applications where local fields with very low amplitudes must be detected. This setup can be redesigned for a wide range of applications, thus allowing further specific optimizations, which would provide an even greater accuracy and a significantly extended operation range.
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Gupta S, Kakkar V. DARPin based GMR Biosensor for the detection of ESAT-6 Tuberculosis Protein. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 118:101852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lin G, Makarov D, Schmidt OG. Magnetic sensing platform technologies for biomedical applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1884-1912. [PMID: 28485417 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of a variety of micro- and nanoscale entities, e.g. molecules, cells, and particles, are crucial components of modern biomedical research, in which biosensing platform technologies play a vital role. Confronted with the drastic global demographic changes, future biomedical research entails continuous development of new-generation biosensing platforms targeting even lower costs, more compactness, and higher throughput, sensitivity and selectivity. Among a wide choice of fundamental biosensing principles, magnetic sensing technologies enabled by magnetic field sensors and magnetic particles offer attractive advantages. The key features of a magnetic sensing format include the use of commercially available magnetic field sensing elements, e.g. magnetoresistive sensors which bear huge potential for compact integration, a magnetic field sensing mechanism which is free from interference by complex biomedical samples, and an additional degree of freedom for the on-chip handling of biochemical species rendered by magnetic labels. In this review, we highlight the historical basis, routes, recent advances and applications of magnetic biosensing platform technologies based on magnetoresistive sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gungun Lin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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Giant Magnetoresistance: Basic Concepts, Microstructure, Magnetic Interactions and Applications. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16060904. [PMID: 27322277 PMCID: PMC4934330 DOI: 10.3390/s16060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect is a very basic phenomenon that occurs in magnetic materials ranging from nanoparticles over multilayered thin films to permanent magnets. In this contribution, we first focus on the links between effect characteristic and underlying microstructure. Thereafter, we discuss design criteria for GMR-sensor applications covering automotive, biosensors as well as nanoparticular sensors.
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Pitt WG, Alizadeh M, Husseini GA, McClellan DS, Buchanan CM, Bledsoe CG, Robison RA, Blanco R, Roeder BL, Melville M, Hunter AK. Rapid separation of bacteria from blood-review and outlook. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:823-39. [PMID: 27160415 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The high morbidity and mortality rate of bloodstream infections involving antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitate a rapid identification of the infectious organism and its resistance profile. Traditional methods based on culturing the blood typically require at least 24 h, and genetic amplification by PCR in the presence of blood components has been problematic. The rapid separation of bacteria from blood would facilitate their genetic identification by PCR or other methods so that the proper antibiotic regimen can quickly be selected for the septic patient. Microfluidic systems that separate bacteria from whole blood have been developed, but these are designed to process only microliter quantities of whole blood or only highly diluted blood. However, symptoms of clinical blood infections can be manifest with bacterial burdens perhaps as low as 10 CFU/mL, and thus milliliter quantities of blood must be processed to collect enough bacteria for reliable genetic analysis. This review considers the advantages and shortcomings of various methods to separate bacteria from blood, with emphasis on techniques that can be done in less than 10 min on milliliter-quantities of whole blood. These techniques include filtration, screening, centrifugation, sedimentation, hydrodynamic focusing, chemical capture on surfaces or beads, field-flow fractionation, and dielectrophoresis. Techniques with the most promise include screening, sedimentation, and magnetic bead capture, as they allow large quantities of blood to be processed quickly. Some microfluidic techniques can be scaled up. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:823-839, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Pitt
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Mahsa Alizadeh
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Ghaleb A Husseini
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | | | - Clara M Buchanan
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Colin G Bledsoe
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Richard A Robison
- Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Rae Blanco
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | | | - Madison Melville
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Alex K Hunter
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
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Krishna VD, Wu K, Perez AM, Wang JP. Giant Magnetoresistance-based Biosensor for Detection of Influenza A Virus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:400. [PMID: 27065967 PMCID: PMC4809872 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a simple and sensitive method for the detection of influenza A virus based on giant magnetoresistance (GMR) biosensor. This assay employs monoclonal antibodies to viral nucleoprotein (NP) in combination with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Presence of influenza virus allows the binding of MNPs to the GMR sensor and the binding is proportional to the concentration of virus. Binding of MNPs onto the GMR sensor causes change in the resistance of sensor, which is measured in a real time electrical readout. GMR biosensor detected as low as 1.5 × 10(2) TCID50/mL virus and the signal intensity increased with increasing concentration of virus up to 1.0 × 10(5) TCID50/mL. This study showed that the GMR biosensor assay is relevant for diagnostic application since the virus concentration in nasal samples of influenza virus infected swine was reported to be in the range of 10(3) to 10(5) TCID50/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramana D. Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. PaulMN, USA
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisMN, USA
| | - Andres M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. PaulMN, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisMN, USA
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Ruffert C. Magnetic Bead-Magic Bullet. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E21. [PMID: 30407394 PMCID: PMC6189928 DOI: 10.3390/mi7020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is assumed to be one of the leading and most promising areas of research since the early 1990s. In microfluidic systems, small spherical magnetic particles with superparamagnetic properties, called magnetic beads, play an important role in the design of innovative methods and tools, especially in bioanalysis and medical sciences. The intention of this review paper is to address main aspects from the state-of-the-art in the area of magnetic bead research, while demonstrating the broad variety of applications and the huge potential to solve fundamental biological and medical problems in the fields of diagnostics and therapy. Basic issues and demands related to the fabrication of magnetic particles and physical properties of nanosize magnets are discussed in Section 2. Of main interest are the control and adjustment of the nanoparticles' properties and the availability of adequate approaches for particle detection via their magnetic field. Section 3 presents an overview of magnetic bead applications in nanomedicine. In Section 4, practical aspects of sample manipulation and separation employing magnetic beads are described. Finally, the benefits related to the use of magnetic bead-based microfluidic systems are summarized, illustrating ongoing questions and open tasks to be solved on the way to an approaching microfluidic age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ruffert
- Center for Production Technology, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, An der Universitaet 2, D-30823 Garbsen, Germany.
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