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Dcosta JV, Ochoa D, Sanaur S. Recent Progress in Flexible and Wearable All Organic Photoplethysmography Sensors for SpO 2 Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302752. [PMID: 37740697 PMCID: PMC10625116 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and wearable biosensors are the next-generation healthcare devices that can efficiently monitor human health conditions in day-to-day life. Moreover, the rapid growth and technological advancements in wearable optoelectronics have promoted the development of flexible organic photoplethysmography (PPG) biosensor systems that can be implanted directly onto the human body without any additional interface for efficient bio-signal monitoring. As an example, the pulse oximeter utilizes PPG signals to monitor the oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) in the blood volume using two distinct wavelengths with organic light emitting diode (OLED) as light source and an organic photodiode (OPD) as light sensor. Utilizing the flexible and soft properties of organic semiconductors, pulse oximeter can be both flexible and conformal when fabricated on thin polymeric substrates. It can also provide highly efficient human-machine interface systems that can allow for long-time biological integration and flawless measurement of signal data. In this work, a clear and systematic overview of the latest progress and updates in flexible and wearable all-organic pulse oximetry sensors for SpO2 monitoring, including design and geometry, processing techniques and materials, encapsulation and various factors affecting the device performance, and limitations are provided. Finally, some of the research challenges and future opportunities in the field are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jostin Vinroy Dcosta
- Mines Saint‐ÉtienneCentre Microélectronique de ProvenceDepartment of Flexible Electronics880, Avenue de MimetGardanne13541France
| | - Daniel Ochoa
- Mines Saint‐ÉtienneCentre Microélectronique de ProvenceDepartment of Flexible Electronics880, Avenue de MimetGardanne13541France
| | - Sébastien Sanaur
- Mines Saint‐ÉtienneCentre Microélectronique de ProvenceDepartment of Flexible Electronics880, Avenue de MimetGardanne13541France
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Mao P, Li H, Yu Z. A Review of Skin-Wearable Sensors for Non-Invasive Health Monitoring Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3673. [PMID: 37050733 PMCID: PMC10099362 DOI: 10.3390/s23073673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of fatal diseases is crucial for medical diagnostics and treatment, both of which benefit the individual and society. Portable devices, such as thermometers and blood pressure monitors, and large instruments, such as computed tomography (CT) and X-ray scanners, have already been implemented to collect health-related information. However, collecting health information using conventional medical equipment at home or in a hospital can be inefficient and can potentially affect the timeliness of treatment. Therefore, on-time vital signal collection via healthcare monitoring has received increasing attention. As the largest organ of the human body, skin delivers significant signals reflecting our health condition; thus, receiving vital signals directly from the skin offers the opportunity for accessible and versatile non-invasive monitoring. In particular, emerging flexible and stretchable electronics demonstrate the capability of skin-like devices for on-time and continuous long-term health monitoring. Compared to traditional electronic devices, this type of device has better mechanical properties, such as skin conformal attachment, and maintains compatible detectability. This review divides the health information that can be obtained from skin using the sensor aspect's input energy forms into five categories: thermoelectrical signals, neural electrical signals, photoelectrical signals, electrochemical signals, and mechanical pressure signals. We then summarize current skin-wearable health monitoring devices and provide outlooks on future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengsu Mao
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Zhibin Yu
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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Vargas JM, Bahloul MA, Laleg-Kirati TM. A learning-based image processing approach for pulse wave velocity estimation using spectrogram from peripheral pulse wave signals: An in silico study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1100570. [PMID: 36935738 PMCID: PMC10020726 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1100570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) is considered a critical index to evaluate arterial stiffness. For this reason, estimating Carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) is essential for diagnosing and analyzing different cardiovascular diseases. Despite its broader adoption in the clinical routine, the measurement process of carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered a demanding task for clinicians and patients making it prone to inaccuracies and errors in the estimation. A smart non-invasive, and peripheral measurement of carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity could overcome the challenges of the classical assessment process and improve the quality of patient care. This paper proposes a novel methodology for the carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity estimation based on the use of the spectrogram representation from single non-invasive peripheral pulse wave signals [photoplethysmography (PPG) or blood pressure (BP)]. This methodology was tested using three feature extraction methods based on the semi-classical signal analysis (SCSA) method, the Law's mask for texture energy extraction, and the central statistical moments. Finally, each feature method was fed into different machine learning models for the carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity estimation. The proposed methodology obtained an $R2\geq0.90$ for all the peripheral signals for the noise-free case using the MLP model, and for the different noise levels added to the original signal, the SCSA-based features with the MLP model presented an $R2\geq0.91$ for all the peripheral signals at the level of noise. These results provide evidence of the capacity of spectrogram representation for efficiently assessing the carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity estimation using different feature methods. Future work will be done toward testing the proposed methodology for in-vivo signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Vargas
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Bahloul
- Electrical Engineering Department, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taous-Meriem Laleg-Kirati
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology INRIA, Saclay, France
- *Correspondence: Taous-Meriem Laleg-Kirati,
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Mohammed N, Cluff K, Sutton M, Villafana-Ibarra B, Loflin BE, Griffith JL, Becker R, Bhandari S, Alruwaili F, Desai J. A Flexible Near-Field Biosensor for Multisite Arterial Blood Flow Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8389. [PMID: 36366092 PMCID: PMC9657423 DOI: 10.3390/s22218389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Modern wearable devices show promising results in terms of detecting vital bodily signs from the wrist. However, there remains a considerable need for a device that can conform to the human body's variable geometry to accurately detect those vital signs and to understand health better. Flexible radio frequency (RF) resonators are well poised to address this need by providing conformable bio-interfaces suitable for different anatomical locations. In this work, we develop a compact wearable RF biosensor that detects multisite hemodynamic events due to pulsatile blood flow through noninvasive tissue-electromagnetic (EM) field interaction. The sensor consists of a skin patch spiral resonator and a wearable transceiver. During resonance, the resonator establishes a strong capacitive coupling with layered dielectric tissues due to impedance matching. Therefore, any variation in the dielectric properties within the near-field of the coupled system will result in field perturbation. This perturbation also results in RF carrier modulation, transduced via a demodulator in the transceiver unit. The main elements of the transceiver consist of a direct digital synthesizer for RF carrier generation and a demodulator unit comprised of a resistive bridge coupled with an envelope detector, a filter, and an amplifier. In this work, we build and study the sensor at the radial artery, thorax, carotid artery, and supraorbital locations of a healthy human subject, which hold clinical significance in evaluating cardiovascular health. The carrier frequency is tuned at the resonance of the spiral resonator, which is 34.5 ± 1.5 MHz. The resulting transient waveforms from the demodulator indicate the presence of hemodynamic events, i.e., systolic upstroke, systolic peak, dicrotic notch, and diastolic downstroke. The preliminary results also confirm the sensor's ability to detect multisite blood flow events noninvasively on a single wearable platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Mohammed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Kim Cluff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Mark Sutton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | | | - Benjamin E. Loflin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jacob L. Griffith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ryan Becker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Subash Bhandari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Fayez Alruwaili
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Jaydip Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
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Pandey RK, Chao PCP. A Dual-Channel PPG Readout System With Motion-Tolerant Adaptability for OLED-OPD Sensors. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:36-51. [PMID: 34962876 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3138996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An adaptive PPG (Photoplethysmography) readout system for a dual-channel OLED-OPD flexible sensor is designed and developed with motion artifact (<1Hz) and ambient lighting interference successfully compensated without any additional motion sensors. The compensation is made possible by adopting multi-feedbacks and an additional reference OPD channel to cancel effectively DC drifts. In result, the quality of measured PPG is improved to the level such that long-time, continuous quality monitoring of bio-sign such as heart rate (HR) is possible. The readout is designed with an auto-programmable band-pass trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) of a 100dbΩ gain with a continuous-type DC-current cancellation loop. The rest of the readout consists of a 0.5 Hz low-pass filter, an additional second-order band-pass filter (0.1-10Hz), a difference amplifier, a motion reference channel, an analog multiplexer, a programmable gain amplifier (PGA), a digital control and a programmable DAC-PWM based auto-intensity tuned OLED driver. The readout is fabricated in an area of 9 mm2 via the TSMC 180nm process. The experiment result shows that the developed OLED-OPD readout senses well as small as 1nA current, with a measured dynamic range >90dB (1nA to 100 µA) and input-referred noise of 0.26 nA/√H, with power consumption of 460µW. The DC drift is successfully reduced to 1% of its average. The accuracy for heart rate is 96%.
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Elsamnah F, Bilgaiyan A, Affiq M, Shim CH, Ishidai H, Hattori R. Reflectance-Based Organic Pulse Meter Sensor for Wireless Monitoring of Photoplethysmogram Signal. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E87. [PMID: 31295893 PMCID: PMC6784368 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper compares the structural design of two organic biosensors that minimize power consumption in wireless photoplethysmogram (PPG) waveform monitoring. Both devices were fabricated on the same substrate with a red organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and an organic photodiode (OPD). Both were designed with a circular OLED at the center of the device surrounded by OPD. One device had an OLED area of 0.06 cm2, while the other device had half the area. The gap distance between the OLED and OPD was 1.65 mm for the first device and 2 mm for the second. Both devices had an OPD area of 0.16 cm2. We compared the power consumption and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of both devices and evaluated the PPG signal, which was successfully collected from a fingertip. The reflectance-based organic pulse meter operated successfully and at a low power consumption of 8 µW at 18 dB SNR. The device sent the PPG waveforms, via Bluetooth low energy (BLE), to a PC host at a maximum rate of 256 kbps data throughput. In the end, the proposed reflectance-based organic pulse meter reduced power consumption and improved long-term PPG wireless monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahed Elsamnah
- Department of Applied Science for Electronics and Materials, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Anubha Bilgaiyan
- COI STREAM, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Muhamad Affiq
- Department of Applied Science for Electronics and Materials, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Chang-Hoon Shim
- COI STREAM, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishidai
- Konica Minolta, Inc., Ishikawa-cho, Hachioji 192-8505, Japan
| | - Reiji Hattori
- Department of Applied Science for Electronics and Materials, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
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