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Cao Y, Zheng H, Zhu Z, Yao L, Tian W, Cao L. Clinical and Genetic Spectrum in a Large Cohort of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Mov Disord 2024; 39:651-662. [PMID: 38291924 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing-based molecular assessment has benefited the diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) subtypes. However, the clinical and genetic spectrum of HSP due to large fragment deletions/duplications has yet to be fully defined. OBJECTIVE We aim to better characterize the clinical phenotypes and genetic features of HSP and to provide new thoughts on diagnosis. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in patients with clinically suspected HSP, followed by multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) sequentially carried out for those with negative findings in known causative genes. Genotype-phenotype correlation analyses were conducted under specific genotypes. RESULTS We made a genetic diagnosis in 60% (162/270) of patients, of whom 48.9% (132/270) had 24 various subtypes due to point mutations (SPG4/SPG11/SPG35/SPG7/SPG10/SPG5/SPG3A/SPG2/SPG76/SPG30/SPG6/SPG9A/SPG12/SPG15/SPG17/SPG18/SPG26/SPG49/SPG55/SPG56/SPG57/SPG62/SPG78/SPG80). Thirty patients were found to have causative rearrangements by MLPA (11.1%), among which SPG4 was the most prevalent (73.3%), followed by SPG3A (16.7%), SPG6 (3.3%), SPG7 (3.3%), and SPG11 (3.3%). Clinical analysis showed that some symptoms were often related to specific subtypes, and rearrangement-related SPG3A patients seemingly had later onset. We observed a presumptive anticipation among SPG4 and SPG3A families due to rearrangement. CONCLUSIONS Based on the largest known Asian HSP cohort, including the largest subgroup of rearrangement-related pedigrees, we gain a comprehensive understanding of the clinical and genetic spectrum of HSP. We propose a diagnostic flowchart to sequentially detect the causative genes in practice. Large fragment mutations account for a considerable proportion of HSP, and thus, MLPA screening acts as a beneficial supplement to routine WES. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Neurological Rare Disease Biobank and Precision Diagnostic Technical Service Platform, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Zeyu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Anhui Province, Suzhou, China
| | - Wotu Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Neurological Rare Disease Biobank and Precision Diagnostic Technical Service Platform, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Neurological Rare Disease Biobank and Precision Diagnostic Technical Service Platform, Shanghai, China
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Mo L, Tie X, Che F, Zhang L, Li B, Wang G, Yang Y. A Novel Homozygous Deletion Including Exon 1 of FA2H Gene Causes Spastic Paraplegia-35: Genetic and Lipidomics Analysis of the Patients. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 152:200-208. [PMID: 38306901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) is encoded by the FA2H gene, with mutations therein leading to the neurodegenerative condition, spastic paraplegia-35 (SPG35). We aim to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of a nonconsanguineous Chinese family diagnosed with SPG35 by examining the clinical manifestations, scrutinizing genetic variants, and establishing the role of FA2H mutation in lipid metabolism. METHODS Using next-generation sequencing analysis to identify the pathogenic gene in this pedigree and family cosegregation verification. The use of lipidomics of patient pedigree peripheral blood mononuclear cells further substantiated alterations in lipid metabolism attributable to the FA2H exon 1 deletion. RESULTS The proband exhibited gait disturbance from age 5 years; he developed further clinical manifestations such as scissor gait and dystonia. His younger sister also presented with a spastic gait from the same age. We identified a homozygous deletion in the region of FA2H exon 1, spanning from chr16:74807867 to chr16: 74810391 in the patients. Lipidomic analysis revealed significant differences in 102 metabolites compared with healthy controls, with 62 metabolites increased and 40 metabolites decreased. We specifically zeroed in on 19 different sphingolipid metabolites, which comprised ceramides, ganglioside, etc., with only three of these sphingolipids previously reported. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study of lipid metabolism in the blood of patients with SPG35. The results broaden our understanding of the SPG35 gene spectrum, offering insights for future molecular mechanism research and laying groundwork for determining metabolic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidangzhi Mo
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoling Tie
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Fengyu Che
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Liyu Zhang
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Benchang Li
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoxia Wang
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China.
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Damiani D, Baggiani M, Della Vecchia S, Naef V, Santorelli FM. Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Preclinical Cellular Model for Studying Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2615. [PMID: 38473862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) comprise a family of degenerative diseases mostly hitting descending axons of corticospinal neurons. Depending on the gene and mutation involved, the disease could present as a pure form with limb spasticity, or a complex form associated with cerebellar and/or cortical signs such as ataxia, dysarthria, epilepsy, and intellectual disability. The progressive nature of HSPs invariably leads patients to require walking canes or wheelchairs over time. Despite several attempts to ameliorate the life quality of patients that have been tested, current therapeutical approaches are just symptomatic, as no cure is available. Progress in research in the last two decades has identified a vast number of genes involved in HSP etiology, using cellular and animal models generated on purpose. Although unanimously considered invaluable tools for basic research, those systems are rarely predictive for the establishment of a therapeutic approach. The advent of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells allowed instead the direct study of morphological and molecular properties of the patient's affected neurons generated upon in vitro differentiation. In this review, we revisited all the present literature recently published regarding the use of iPS cells to differentiate HSP patient-specific neurons. Most studies have defined patient-derived neurons as a reliable model to faithfully mimic HSP in vitro, discovering original findings through immunological and -omics approaches, and providing a platform to screen novel or repurposed drugs. Thereby, one of the biggest hopes of current HSP research regards the use of patient-derived iPS cells to expand basic knowledge on the disease, while simultaneously establishing new therapeutic treatments for both generalized and personalized approaches in daily medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devid Damiani
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Baggiani
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Della Vecchia
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Naef
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy
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Ferese R, Scala S, Suppa A, Campopiano R, Asci F, Zampogna A, Chiaravalloti MA, Griguoli A, Storto M, Pardo AD, Giardina E, Zampatti S, Fornai F, Novelli G, Fanelli M, Zecca C, Logroscino G, Centonze D, Gambardella S. Cohort analysis of novel SPAST variants in SPG4 patients and implementation of in vitro and in vivo studies to identify the pathogenic mechanism caused by splicing mutations. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1296924. [PMID: 38145127 PMCID: PMC10748595 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1296924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG) type 4 (SPG4) is caused by mutations of SPAST gene. This study aimed to analyze SPAST variants in SPG4 patients to highlight the occurrence of splicing mutations and combine functional studies to assess the relevance of these variants in the molecular mechanisms of the disease. Methods We performed an NGS panel in 105 patients, in silico analysis for splicing mutations, and in vitro minigene assay. Results and discussion The NGS panel was applied to screen 105 patients carrying a clinical phenotype corresponding to upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS), selectively affecting motor control of lower limbs. Pathogenic mutations in SPAST were identified in 12 patients (11.42%), 5 missense, 3 frameshift, and 4 splicing variants. Then, we focused on the patients carrying splicing variants using a combined approach of in silico and in vitro analysis through minigene assay and RNA, if available. For two splicing variants (i.e., c.1245+1G>A and c.1414-2A>T), functional assays confirm the types of molecular alterations suggested by the in silico analysis (loss of exon 9 and exon 12). In contrast, the splicing variant c.1005-1delG differed from what was predicted (skipping exon 7), and the functional study indicates the loss of frame and formation of a premature stop codon. The present study evidenced the high splice variants in SPG4 patients and indicated the relevance of functional assays added to in silico analysis to decipher the pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Suppa
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emiliano Giardina
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Zampatti
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirco Fanelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chiara Zecca
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology of the University of Bari “Aldo Moro” at “Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico” Hospital Tricase, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology of the University of Bari “Aldo Moro” at “Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico” Hospital Tricase, Lecce, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Gambardella
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy
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Levchenko O, Filatova A, Mishina I, Antonenko A, Skoblov M. Homozygous deep intronic variant in SNX14 cause autosomal recessive Spinocerebellar ataxia 20: a case report. Front Genet 2023; 14:1197681. [PMID: 37485342 PMCID: PMC10359490 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1197681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 20, SCAR20 (MIM: 616354) is a rare syndromic form of hereditary ataxias. It characterized by the presence of progressive ataxia, intellectual developmental disorder, autism and dysmorphic features. The disease caused by biallelic variants in SNX14 gene that lead to loss of protein function. Typically, these variants result in the formation of a premature stop codon, a shift in the reading frame or a variant in canonical splicing sites, as well as gross rearrangements. Here we present the first case of a deep intronic variant c.462-589A>G in SNX14 identified in two sisters with SCAR20 from a consanguineous family. This variant resulted in the inclusion of a pseudo-exon 82 nucleotides long and the formation of a premature stop codon, leading to the production of a truncated protein (NP_722523.1:p.Asp155Valfs*8). Following an extensive diagnostic search, the diagnosis was confirmed using trio whole genome sequencing. This case contributes to expanding the spectrum of potential genetic variants associated with SCAR20.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Mishina
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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Lan MY, Lu CS, Wu SL, Chen YF, Sung YF, Tu MC, Chang YY. Clinical and genetic characterization of a Taiwanese cohort with spastic paraparesis combined with cerebellar involvement. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1005670. [PMID: 36247768 PMCID: PMC9563621 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1005670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders clinically characterized by progressive lower-limb spasticity. Cerebellar ataxia commonly co-occurs with complicated HSPs. HSP with concurrent cerebellar ataxia has significant clinical and genetic overlaps with hereditary cerebellar ataxia (HCA) and other inherited neurological diseases, adding to the challenge of planning genetic testing for the disease. In this study, we characterized clinical features of a cohort of 24 patients (male/female: 15/9) from 22 families who presented spastic paraparesis combined with cerebellar involvement, with a median disease onset age 20.5 (range 5–53) years. Aside from the core phenotype, 18 (75%) patients had additional neuropsychiatric and systemic manifestations. A stepwise genetic testing strategy stratified by mode of inheritance, distinct neuroimaging features (e.g., thin corpus callosum), population-specific prevalence and whole-exome sequencing was utilized to investigate the genetic etiology. Causative mutations in up to 10 genes traditionally related to HSP, HCA and other neurogenetic diseases (autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, and progressive encephalopathy with brain atrophy and thin corpus callosum) were detected in 16 (73%) of the 22 pedigrees. Our study revealed the genetic complexity of HSP combined with cerebellar involvement. In contrast to the marked genetic diversity, the functions of the causative genes are restricted to a limited number of physiological themes. The functional overlap might reflect common underlying pathogenic mechanisms, to which the corticospinal tract and cerebellar neuron circuits may be especially vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Lan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Professor Lu Neurological Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Landseed International Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shey-Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fa Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Feng Sung
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chien Tu
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yee Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yung-Yee Chang
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Panza E, Meyyazhagan A, Orlacchio A. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: Genetic heterogeneity and common pathways. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114203. [PMID: 35970204 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of disease, mainly characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs resulting from distal degeneration of corticospinal tract axons. Although HSPs represent rare or ultra-rare conditions, with reported cases of mutated genes found in single families, overall, with 87 forms described, they are an important health and economic problem for society and patients. In fact, they are chronic and life-hindering conditions, still lacking a specific therapy. Notwithstanding the number of forms described, and 73 causative genes identified, overall, the molecular diagnostic rate varies among 29% to 61.8%, based on recent published analysis, suggesting that more genes are involved in HSP and/or that different molecular diagnostic approaches are necessary. The accumulating data in this field highlight several peculiar features of HSPs, such as genetic heterogeneity, the discovery that different mutations in a single gene can be transmitted in dominant and recessive trait in families and allelic heterogeneity, resulting in the involvement of HSP-genes in other conditions. Based on the observation of protein functions, the activity of many different proteins encoded by HSP-related genes converges into some distinct pathophysiological mechanisms. This suggests that common pathways could be a potential target for a therapy, possibly addressing several forms at once. Furthermore, the overlap of HSP genes with other neurological conditions can further expand this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Panza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Orlacchio
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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NGS in Hereditary Ataxia: When Rare Becomes Frequent. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168490. [PMID: 34445196 PMCID: PMC8395181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The term hereditary ataxia (HA) refers to a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders with multiple genetic etiologies and a wide spectrum of ataxia-dominated phenotypes. Massive gene analysis in next-generation sequencing has entered the HA scenario, broadening our genetic and clinical knowledge of these conditions. In this study, we employed a targeted resequencing panel (TRP) in a large and highly heterogeneous cohort of 377 patients with a clinical diagnosis of HA, but no molecular diagnosis on routine genetic tests. We obtained a positive result (genetic diagnosis) in 33.2% of the patients, a rate significantly higher than those reported in similar studies employing TRP (average 19.4%), and in line with those performed using exome sequencing (ES, average 34.6%). Moreover, 15.6% of the patients had an uncertain molecular diagnosis. STUB1, PRKCG, and SPG7 were the most common causative genes. A comparison with published literature data showed that our panel would have identified 97% of the positive cases reported in previous TRP-based studies and 92% of those diagnosed by ES. Proper use of multigene panels, when combined with detailed phenotypic data, seems to be even more efficient than ES in clinical practice.
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Sun H, Shen XR, Fang ZB, Jiang ZZ, Wei XJ, Wang ZY, Yu XF. Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies and Neurogenetic Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040361. [PMID: 33921670 PMCID: PMC8072598 DOI: 10.3390/life11040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has led to great advances in understanding the causes of Mendelian and complex neurological diseases. Owing to the complexity of genetic diseases, the genetic factors contributing to many rare and common neurological diseases remain poorly understood. Selecting the correct genetic test based on cost-effectiveness, coverage area, and sequencing range can improve diagnosis, treatments, and prevention. Whole-exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing are suitable methods for finding new mutations, and gene panels are suitable for exploring the roles of specific genes in neurogenetic diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the classifications, applications, advantages, and limitations of NGS in research on neurological diseases. We further provide examples of NGS-based explorations and insights of the genetic causes of neurogenetic diseases, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, we focus on issues related to NGS-based analyses, including interpretations of variants of uncertain significance, de novo mutations, congenital genetic diseases with complex phenotypes, and single-molecule real-time approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xue-Fan Yu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-157-5430-1836
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